Type-I collagen self-assembles into
a fibrillar gel at physiological
temperature and pH to provide a cell-adhesive, supportive, structural
network. As such, it is an attractive, popular scaffold for in vitro
evaluations of cellular behavior and for tissue engineering applications.
In this study, type-I collagen is modified to introduce methacrylate
groups on the free amines of the lysine residues to create collagen
methacrylamide (CMA). CMA retains the properties of collagen such
as self-assembly, biodegradability, and natural bioactivity but is
also photoactive and can be rapidly cross-linked or functionalized
with acrylated molecules when irradiated with ultraviolet light in
the presence of a photoinitiator. CMA also demonstrates unique temperature-dependent
behavior. For natural type-I collagen, the overall structure of the
fiber network remains largely static over time scales of a few hours
upon heating and cooling at temperatures below its denaturation point.
CMA, however, is rapidly thermoreversible and will oscillate between
a liquid macromer suspension and a semisolid fibrillar hydrogel when
the temperature is modulated between 10 and 37 °C. Using a series
of mechanical, scattering, and spectroscopic methods, we demonstrate
that structural reversibility is manifest across multiple scales from
the protein topology of the triple helix up through the rheological
properties of the CMA hydrogel. Electron microscopy imaging of CMA
after various stages of heating and cooling shows that the canonical
collagen-like D-periodic banding ultrastructure of the fibers is preserved.
A rapidly thermoreversible collagen-based hydrogel is expected to
have wide utility in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications
as a biofunctional, biocompatible material. Thermal reversibility
also makes CMA a powerful model for studying the complex process of
hierarchical collagen self-assembly.