Collection Tree Extension of Reactive Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks

Abstract

This paper proposes an extension to reactive routing protocol, for efficient construction of a collection tree for data acquisition in sensor networks. The Lightweight On-Demand Ad hoc Distance Vector Routing Protocol-Next Generation (LOADng) is a reactive distance vector protocol which is intended for use in mobile ad hoc networks and low-power and lossy networks to build paths between source-destination pairs. In 2013, ITU-T has ratified the recommendation G.9903 Amendment 1, which includes LOADng in a specific normative annex for routing protocol in smart grids. The extension uses the mechanisms from LOADng, imposes minimal overhead and complexity, and enables a deployment to efficiently support "sensor-to-root" traffic, avoiding complications of unidirectional links in the collection tree. The protocol complexity, security, and interoperability are examined in detail. The simulation results show that the extension can effectively improve the efficiency of data acquisition in the network.

Experimental Comparison of Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensors Networks: Routing Overhead and Asymmetric Links

“…This procedure is more lightweight than in LOADng-CTP [8], where all links are checked to be bidirectional beforehand. …”

“…Also, the nodes should be accessible, so the routing protocol has to build "downward" routes. These are fairly standard objectives matching the assumptions behind the design of RPL, but also LOADng-CTP [8], [9]. This latter proposes to add a proactive collection tree creation mechanism to LOADng, precisely to address the situation in which multipoint to point (from nodes to the sink) traffic is salient.…”

A comparative performance study of the routing protocols RPL, LOADng and LOADng-CTP with bidirectional traffic for AMI scenario

“…They concentrated on metrics related to scalability such as End to End delay, Hop Distance and Control overhead. In [6] the authors proposed the LOADng-CTP protocol the Collection Tree Extension of Reactive Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks. The protocol complexity, interoperability and security were deeply examined.…”

“…LOADng Collection Tree Protocol (LOADng-CTP) specified by the authors in [6] is a recent extension to LOADng protocol using a "collection tree" combined with LOADng specification detailed in [4]. The LOADng-CTP extension aims for building bidirectional routes for MP2P and P2MP traffic flow in a sensors network, with low overhead easy maintenance and better performance.…”

“…And point-to-multipoint (P2MP) traffic with two messages types, acknowledgment of data frames in downward direction every data arrival of 12 bytes payloads and configuration data packet with CBR traffic flow by periodic message of 61-byte payload with 300 seconds interval in downward direction. Both LOADng and LOADng-CTP were implemented with C in contiki OS with respect to their authors specification respectively in [10] and [4,6]. The settings for RPL are listed in Table 4, and for LOADng and LOADng-CTP in Table 5.…”