Collective Baryon Decay and Gravitational Collapse

Abstract

While it is widely believed that the gravitational collapse of a sufficiently large mass will lead to a density singularity and an event horizon, we propose that this never happens when quantum effects are taken into account. In particular, we propose that when the conditions become ripe for a trapped surface to form, a quantum critical surface sweeps over the collapsing body, transforming the nucleons in the collapsing matter into a lepton/photon gas together with a positive vacuum energy. This will happen regardless of the matter density at the time a trapped surface starts to form, and as a result we predict that at least in all cases of gravitational collapse involving ordinary matter, a large fraction of the rest mass of the collapsing matter will be converted into a burst of neutrinos, and γrays. We predict that the peak luminosity of these bursts is only weakly dependent on the mass of the collapsing object, and is on the order of (ε q /m P c 2 ) 1/4 c 5 /G, where ε q is the mean energy of a nucleon parton and m P is the Planck mass. The duration of the bursts will depend the mass of the collapsing objects; in the case of stellar core collapse we predict that the duration of both the neutrino and γ-ray bursts will be on the order of 10 seconds.The ultimate fate of matter undergoing gravitational collapse is a long standing enigma. Following the seminal paper of Oppenheimer and Snyder [1] it has come to be widely accepted that the gravitational collapse of a sufficiently large mass will

Was There a Negative Vacuum Energy in Your Past?

“…On the other hand, in the following we will assume that in reality a negative cosmological constant universe does not collapse to a singularity due to quantum effects. Our hypothesis is that the same type of conversion of matter massenergy to vacuum energy [11] that we previously proposed [1][2] as the reason for the avoidance of a singular end point for the gravitational collapse of massive stellar cores will also lead to the avoidance of a mass density singularity in a flat negative cosmological constant universe. In particular we will argue that as a result of the ubiquitous formation of trapped surfaces in a flat negative cosmological constant universe most of the matter massenergy will be transforned into positive vacuum energy, resulting in an expanding universe which resembles our universe.…”

“…These puzzles are all the more perplexing because In quantum mechanics it is not possible for matter to simple appear or disappear. Prevoiusly we have drawn attention [1,2] to the fact that the quantum critical phase transition theory of event horizons [3] provides a plausible explanation for the fate of matter undergoing gravitational collapse; namely, most of the mass-energy of the collapsing matter is converted into vacuum energy, resulting in the formation of a "dark energy star" [4]. Dark energy stars are distinguished from black holes in that their interiors resemble de Sitter's "interior" solution [5] rather than a black hole space-time.…”

Leech Lattice Extension of the Non-Linear Schrodinger Equation Theory of Einstein Spaces

“…Our original superfluid model for compact objects [10] relied on Lemaitre's seminal observation [26] that the appearance of a vacuum energy can prevent a (spherically symmetric) object from collapsing to a singularity. Indeed, the appearance of a positive vacuum energy during gravitational collapse [27] is the only mechanism known for preventing continuous collapse to a singularity. To date though there has been no claim from the string theory community that gravitational collapse of matter can lead to the appearance of a positive vacuum energy.…”

Quasi-Static Model of Magnetically Collimated Jets and Radio Lobes. Ii. Jet Structure and Stability

“…The exact result depends on the unknown v r in E r that could be determined by the GRMHD codes discussed in Appendix C. Collimated relativistic solutions for a range of E r profiles are given in Appl & Camenzind (1993). A similar exact cylindrical solution of the Maxwell-Einstein equations appears in Chapline & Barbieri (2014), giving our Equation (1) for zero spin of the black hole. In addition, recent interpretations of jet observations support the idea that the radio-loud AGNs of interest here must produce jets with magnetic fields very close to the black hole (Zamaninasab et al 2014), suggesting that R * in Equation (65a) could extend very near an event horizon due to a black hole.…”