Collective Flow Observed in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions

Gustafsson, H. Å.; Gutbrod, H.H.; Kolb, B. W.; Löhner, H.; Ludewigt, B.; Poskanzer, A. M.; Renner, T.; Riedesel, H.; Ritter, H.G.; Warwick, A.; Weik, F.; Wieman, H.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.52.1590

Cited by 440 publications

(224 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…[1] and studied for various non-trivial test problems in [1] and the present work will find numerous applications in multi-dimensional hydrodynamical problems. Of special interest is a deeper understanding of the flow as discovered in BEVALAC experiments a decade ago [24] and just recently confirmed by quantitatively excellent data from the EOS-collaboration [25]. Flow was also observed in recent AGS experiments [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Relativistic hydrodynamics for heavy-ion collisions. II. Compression of nuclear matter and the phase transition to the quark-gluon plasma

1995

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We investigate the compression of nuclear matter in relativistic hydrodynamics. Nuclear matter is described by a σ − ω-type model for the hadron matter phase and by the MIT bag model for the quark-gluon plasma, with a first order phase transition between both phases. In the presence of phase transitions, hydrodynamical solutions change qualitatively, for instance, one-dimensional stationary compression is no longer accomplished by a single shock but via a sequence of shock and compressional simple waves. We construct the analytical solution to the "slab-on-slab" collision problem over a range of incident velocities. The performance of numerical algorithms to solve relativistic hydrodynamics is then investigated for this particular test case. Consequences for the early compressional stage in heavy-ion collisions are pointed out.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Relativistic hydrodynamics for heavy-ion collisions. II. Compression of nuclear matter and the phase transition to the quark-gluon plasma

1995

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“…Our discussion shall address this question and characterize the limitations of a linear treatment of fluid dynamic fluctuations in heavy ion collisions, thus gaining some insight into the conditions for onset of turbulent behavior. 2 Our work is organized as follows. In section 2, we show that mild extension of models of fluctuating initial conditions give rise to fluctuations in all fluid fields.…”

Section: Jhep11(2011)100mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the experimental side, characteristic correlations of particle production with the event plane had been interpreted as qualitative support for fluid dynamic behavior since the very first relativistic heavy ion collision experiments at the BEVALAC in the 1980s [2]. Early qualitative predictions, based on fluid dynamics, include notably the argument [3] that the second harmonics of the azimuthal particle distribution (elliptic flow v 2 ) changes at mid-rapidity from out-of-plane to in-plane emission at higher center of mass energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluctuations around Bjorken flow and the onset of turbulent phenomena

Floerchinger

Wiedemann

2011

J. High Energ. Phys.

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We study how fluctuations in fluid dynamic fields can be dissipated or amplified within the characteristic spatio-temporal structure of a heavy ion collision. The initial conditions for a fluid dynamic evolution of heavy ion collisions may contain significant fluctuations in all fluid dynamical fields, including the velocity field and its vorticity components. We formulate and analyze the theory of local fluctuations around average fluid fields described by Bjorken's model. For conditions of laminar flow, when a linearized treatment of the dynamic evolution applies, we discuss explicitly how fluctuations of large wave number get dissipated while modes of sufficiently long wave-length pass almost unattenuated or can even be amplified. In the opposite case of large Reynold's numbers (which is inverse to viscosity), we establish that (after suitable coordinate transformations) the dynamics is governed by an evolution equation of non-relativistic Navier-Stokes type that becomes essentially two-dimensional at late times. One can then use the theory of Kolmogorov and Kraichnan for an explicit characterization of turbulent phenomena in terms of the wave-mode dependence of correlations of fluid dynamic fields. We note in particular that fluid dynamic correlations introduce characteristic power-law dependences in two-particle correlation functions.

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“…Nuclear fluid dynamics had been the first theory to predict that such novel states of nuclear matter are formed in nuclear collisions [2,3]. The collective flow, predicted as a consequence of the buildup of high pressure in the dense matter [4,5], has indeed been discovered in a series of pioneering experiments at LBL's Bevalac, using the Plastic Ball and Streamer Chamber spectrometers: The bounce-off effect [4] and the resulting in-plane flow were first observed [6,7]. The squeeze-out of the hot participant matter perpendicular to the reaction plane ("off-plane") [4,5] has only recently been discovered experimentally [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viscosity and the equation of state in high energy heavy-ion reactions

et al. 1993

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Viscous hydrodynamic calculations of high energy heavy-ion collisions (Nb-Nb and Au-Au) from 200 to 800 MeV/nucleon are presented. The resulting baryon rapidity distributions, the in-plane transverse momentum transfer ibounce-om, and the azimuthal dependence of the midrapidity particles ioff-plane squeeze out) compare well with Plastic Ball data. We find that the considered observables are sensitive both to the nuclear equation of state and to the nuclear shear viscosity 7. Transverse momentum distributions indicate a high shear viscosity ( 7~6 0 ~e~/ f m * c ) in the compression zoiie, in agreement with nuclear matter estimates. The bulk viscosity 6 influences only the entropy production during the expansion Stage; collective observables like flow and dN/dY do not depend strongly on 6. The recentlg observed off-plane (4=90") squeeze-out, which is found in the triple-differential rapidity distribution, exhibits the strongest sensitivity to the nuclear equation of state. It is demonstrated that for very central collisions, b= 1 fm, the squeeze-out is visible even in the double-differential cross section. This is experimentally accessible by studying azimuthally symmetric events, as confirmed recently by data of the European 4a detector collaboration at Gesellchaft für Schwerionforschung Darmstadt.PACS number(s1: 25.75. + r

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Collective Flow Observed in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions

Cited by 440 publications

References 18 publications

Relativistic hydrodynamics for heavy-ion collisions. II. Compression of nuclear matter and the phase transition to the quark-gluon plasma

Relativistic hydrodynamics for heavy-ion collisions. II. Compression of nuclear matter and the phase transition to the quark-gluon plasma

Fluctuations around Bjorken flow and the onset of turbulent phenomena

Viscosity and the equation of state in high energy heavy-ion reactions

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