College students' time management: Correlations with academic performance and stress.

Macan, Therese Hoff; Shahani, Comila; Dipboye, Robert L.; Phillips, Amanda P.

doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.760

Cited by 615 publications

(632 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Lakein also described other time management tips, such as organizing the work space and determining the approach to projects. In developing a measure of time management, Macan, Shahani, Dipboye, and Phillips (1990) found three time management factors consistent with Lakein's description: (a) the setting of goals and priorities, (b) the mechanics of time management (e.g., making lists), and (c) a preference for organization. The first three linkages in the present process model of time management (see Figure 1) propose that time management training should lead to an increased frequency in each of these three time management factors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Is a perception of control over time related to stress reactions, that is, job-induced tensions and somatic tensions? Macan et al (1990) found that students who perceived themselves to have control over their time felt fewer school and somatic tensions than did students who did not perceive themselves to have control over their time. In contrast, A. C. King et al (1986) found that neither of the two global stress measures in their study showed reliable differential change across conditions assessed immediately after and 3 months after time management training.…”

Section: Outcomes Linked To Perceived Control Over Timementioning

confidence: 97%

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Time management: Test of a process model.

Macan¹

1994

Journal of Applied Psychology

447

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Although the popular literature on time management claims that engaging in time management behaviors results in increased job performance and satisfaction and fewer job tensions, a theoretical framework and empirical examination are lacking. To address this deficiency, the author proposed and tested a process model of time management. Employees in a variety of jobs completed several scales; supervisors provided performance ratings. Examination of the path coefficients in the model suggested that engaging in some time management behaviors may have beneficial effects on tensions and job satisfaction but not on job performance. Contrary to popular claims, time management training was not found to be effective.There is a voluminous popular literature that lauds the benefits of time management. Examples of some books and magazine articles on the subject are: "Time Is Money, So Use It Productively" (Taylor & Mackenzie, 1986), "Put Time on Your Side" (Emanuel, 1982), and "How To Get Control of Your Time and Your Life" (Lakein, 1973). Surprisingly little empirical research, however, has examined time management. Perhaps it is because time management is typically viewed as a fad and not held in very high esteem by researchers in the field. Nonetheless, many organizations promote efficient use of company time and spend a great deal of money on having their employees learn these time management behaviors. This emphasis on time management stems from the untested popular belief that poor allocation of time not only increases employee stress, but also impairs performance. In the present research, I tested this belief by examining a process model of the effects of time management training on time management behaviors; perceived control of time; and stress responses, job satisfaction, and job performance. Process Model of Time Management Time Management Training Leads to Time Management BehaviorsAccording to Lakein's (1973) description of time management, individuals first determine their needs and wants and then rank them in terms of importance. Specific activities include setting goals to achieve the needs or wants and prioritizing the tasks necessary to accomplish them. The tasks of utmost I thank Gary K. Burger, Robert L. Dipboye, Miles L. Patterson, Carlla S. Smith, and Mark E. Tubbs for invaluable assistance. Thanks are also due Dick Jeanneret, Micheal Bosen, and Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) Services for the job structure information based on PAQ job data and to Denise Champagne for providing the data for Study 2.1 am also grateful to the anonymous reviewers, whose suggestions greatly improved the quality of the article.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Therese HofFMacan, Department of Psychology, University of MissouriSt. Louis, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St. Louis, importance are then matched to the time and resources available by planning, scheduling, and making lists. Lakein also described other time management tips, such as organizing the work space and determining the approach to ...

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confidence: 82%

Section: Outcomes Linked To Perceived Control Over Timementioning

confidence: 97%

Time management: Test of a process model.

Macan¹

1994

Journal of Applied Psychology

447

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“…Outros estudos que complementam essas evidências envolvem o gerenciamento do tempo, um construto que incorpora algumas dimensões da urgência com o tempo, mas que se distingue quanto à efi ciência ao planejar e organizar o próprio tempo (ver Claessens, van Eerde, Rute, & Roe, 2007, para uma revisão). Indivíduos com melhor gerenciamento de tempo possuem mais satisfação no trabalho, percepção de controle do tempo e melhor desempenho acadêmico (Britton & Tesser, 1991;Macan, Shahani, Dipboye, & Phillips, 1990).…”

Section: Urgência Com O Tempounclassified

“…Dessa forma, medidas mais recentes tenderam a focar em um número reduzido e mais específi co de componentes da relação individual com o tempo. Como exemplo, é possível citar instrumentos que focam em aspectos da percepção de padrões de tempo (Usunier & Valette-Florence, 1994), preferência por quantidade de tarefas realizadas ao mesmo tempo (Bluedorn, Kaufman, & Lane, 1992) e gerenciamento do tempo (Macan et al, 1990). Ainda dentro da proposta de medir características específi cas e disposicionais da relação com o tempo, Wright et al (1992) desenvolveram a Time Urgency and Perpetual Activation Scale, que é hoje um dos instrumentos mais utilizados nas pesquisas que envolvem especifi camente o construto de urgência temporal.…”

Section: Medidas De Diferenças Individuais Em Relação Ao Tempounclassified

Escala de Urgência com o Tempo e Ocupação Constante: Adaptação, Validade e Versão Reduzida

Saraiva¹,

Gastal²,

Campelo³

et al. 2015

Psicol. Reflex. Crit.

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ResumoCada indivíduo possui um repertório de estratégias e maneiras de lidar com o tempo, diferenciando--se na urgência com que realiza suas tarefas e na quantidade de compromissos a que se submete. Alguns instrumentos foram propostos para acessar tais diferenças individuais em relação ao tempo, destacando-se a Time Urgency and Perpetual Activation Scale (TUPA), que acessa níveis de urgência com o tempo e ativação constante. Neste trabalho são descritas a adaptação e as evidências de validade da TUPA para o contexto brasileiro, assim como a proposta de uma versão reduzida. A escala traduzida foi submetida por meio de formulários online a 395 participantes (71,4% mulheres), com idades de 17 a 64 anos (M = 25,36, DP = 8,65). Análises fatoriais exploratórias e confi rmatórias apontaram uma nova estrutura bifatorial, com boas propriedades psicométricas, envolvendo um fator de urgência com o tempo e outro relacionado a ocupações, nomeada como Escala de Urgência com o Tempo e Ocupação Constante (UTOC). Conclui-se que a UTOC apresentou boas evidências de validade de construto, incluindo validade convergente com medidas robustas de ansiedade e estresse. Palavras-chave: Urgência com o tempo, ocupação constante, ansiedade. AbstractEach individual has a repertoire of strategies for dealing with time, differentiating themselves in terms of levels of urgency when performing tasks and the number of appointments they are committed to. A few instruments have been developed to access these individual differences concerning time, notably the Time Urgency and Perpetual Activation Scale (TUPA), which measures levels of time urgency and perceptual activation. This paper describes a translated and adapted TUPA for the Brazilian context, and proposes its short-version. The translated scale was submitted as part of an online survey to 395 participants (71.4% female), ranging in age from 17 to 64 years (M = 25.36, SD = 8.65). Exploratory and confi rmatory factor analyses suggested a new bifactorial solution with good psychometric properties, involving a time urgency dimension and another related to occupations, named Time Urgency and Constant Ocupation Scale (UTOC). The UTOC showed good evidence of construct validity, as well as appropriate levels of convergent validity with robust measures of anxiety and stress.

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“…The proposed moderator of time management has been identified as a multidimensional individual-level construct with multiple factors relating to achievement strivings: (1) the setting of goals/priorities, (2) scheduling and planning of activities, and (3) a preference for organization as timemanagement dimensions (Macan, 1994;Macan, Shahani, Dipboye, & Phillips, 1990). Individuals who excel at time management are inclined to differ in their experience of time by overestimating the passage of time, scheduling numerous objectives to be achieved within a specific period of time, engaging in self-set deadlines, and consistently monitoring their performance of time expended to time remaining to complete a task (Rastegary & Landy, 1993;Waller, Conte, Gibson, & Carpenter, 2001).…”

Section: Contingency Effect Of Media Richness and Time-and Boundary-mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technology‐assisted supplemental work: Construct definition and a research framework

Fenner

Renn²

2004

Human Resource Management

101

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College students' time management: Correlations with academic performance and stress.

Cited by 615 publications

References 22 publications

Time management: Test of a process model.

Time management: Test of a process model.

Escala de Urgência com o Tempo e Ocupação Constante: Adaptação, Validade e Versão Reduzida

Technology‐assisted supplemental work: Construct definition and a research framework

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