An overview is given on key physics, detector and accelerator aspects of the LHeC, including its further development, with emphasis to its role as the cleanest microscope of parton dynamics and a precision Higgs facility.
Deep inelastic scatteringThe scattering of leptons off protons has lead to fundamental insight and corresponding historic progress in particle physics. In 1955, with a beam of E e = 0.2 GeV electron energy, a finite proton radius of about 0.74 fm was discovered. Using a higher energy beam, of E e 10 GeV, the measurement of the proton structure function νW 2 = F 2 (x, Q 2 ) at fixed Bjorken x as a function of the four-momentum transfer squared Q 2 , performed by the famous SLAC-MIT experiment, established the existence of partons as the smallest constituents of protons [1]. Ten years later, in 1978, a measurement of the polarization asymmetry in ep scattering at very low Q 2 determined the righthanded weak isospin charge of the electron to be zero [2], which was crucial for the identification of the Glashow-Weinberg-Salam theory as the appropriate description of the electroweak interaction. The first electron-proton collider, HERA, was built at DESY in eight years between 1984 and 1992. It extended the Q 2 range up to a few times 10 4 GeV 2 and explored the region of very low x = Q 2 /sy ≥ 10 −4 , for s = 4E e E p 10 5 GeV 2 and the inelasticity y ≤ 1. With HERA, deep inelastic scattering (DIS) physics made enormous progress in the understanding of the proton's structure, of the quark-gluon dynamics and its theoretical description within Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) and also in the search for new phenomena beyond the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics [3]. There would nowadays be no quantitative description of LHC physics, and notably the Higgs production cross section, which at the LHC is dominantly due to gluon-gluon (gg) fusion, would not be known without the parton dynamics information deduced mainly from HERA.1