Persistent luminescence phosphors (PLPs) can remain luminescent
after excitation ceases and have been widely explored in bioimaging
and therapy since 2007. In bioimaging, PLPs can efficiently avoid
tissue autofluorescence and light scattering interference by collecting
persistent luminescence signals after the end of excitation. Outstanding
signal-to-background ratios, high sensitivity, and resolution have
been achieved in bioimaging with PLPs. In therapy, PLPs can continuously
produce therapeutic molecules such as reactive oxygen species after
removing excitation sources, which realizes sustained therapeutic
activity after a single dose of light stimulation. However, most PLPs
are activated by ultraviolet or visible light, which makes it difficult
to reactivate the PLPs in vivo, particularly in deep
tissues. In recent years, excitation sources with deep tissue penetration
have been explored to activate PLPs, including X-ray, γ-ray,
and ultrasound. Researchers found that various inorganic and organic
PLPs can be activated by X-ray, γ-ray, and ultrasound, making
these PLPs valuable in the imaging and therapy of deep-seated tumors.
These X-ray/γ-ray/ultrasound-activated PLPs have not been systematically
introduced in previous reviews. In this review, we summarize the recently
developed inorganic and organic PLPs that can be activated by X-ray,
γ-ray, and ultrasound to produce persistent luminescence. The
biomedical applications of these PLPs in deep-tissue bioimaging and
therapy are also discussed. This review can provide instructions for
the design of PLPs with deep-tissue-renewable persistent luminescence
and further promote the applications of PLPs in phototheranostics,
noninvasive biosensing devices, and energy harvesting.