Colonization of Phlebotomus papatasi changes the effect of pre-immunization with saliva from lack of protection towards protection against experimental challenge with Leishmania major and saliva

Ahmed, Sami Ben Hadj; Kaabi, Belhassen; Chelbi, Ifhem; Cherni, Saifeddine; Derbali, M.; Laouini, Dhafer; Zhioua, Elyes

doi:10.1186/1756-3305-4-126

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Taken together, it seems that, as investigations go forward to identify vaccine candidates from the saliva of sand flies, a combinatorial approach will likely be necessary. Indeed, stronger immune responses are evident in hosts pre-exposed to homogenous laboratory colony strains of P. papatasi than heterogeneous wild populations, 58 , 59 with protein polymorphisms implicated as a possible explanation for the phenomena; this finding further emphasizes the need for development of a clear universal baseline profile for host-acquired immunity to vector salivary components.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Profiling of Human Acquired Immunity Against the Salivary Proteins of Phlebotomus papatasi Reveals Clusters of Differential Immunoreactivity

Geraci¹,

Mukbel²,

Kemp³

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies are among the primary vectors of Leishmania major parasites from Morocco to the Indian subcontinent and from southern Europe to central and eastern Africa. Antibody-based immunity to sand fly salivary gland proteins in human populations remains a complex contextual problem that is not yet fully understood. We profiled the immunoreactivities of plasma antibodies to sand fly salivary gland sonicates (SGSs) from 229 human blood donors residing in different regions of sand fly endemicity throughout Jordan and Egypt as well as 69 US military personnel, who were differentially exposed to P. papatasi bites and L. major infections in Iraq. Compared with plasma from control region donors, antibodies were significantly immunoreactive to five salivary proteins (12, 26, 30, 38, and 44 kDa) among Jordanian and Egyptian donors, with immunoglobulin G4 being the dominant anti-SGS isotype. US personnel were significantly immunoreactive to only two salivary proteins (38 and 14 kDa). Using k-means clustering, donors were segregated into four clusters distinguished by unique immunoreactivity profiles to varying combinations of the significantly immunogenic salivary proteins. SGS-induced cellular proliferation was diminished among donors residing in sand fly-endemic regions. These data provide a clearer picture of human immune responses to sand fly vector salivary constituents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Profiling of Human Acquired Immunity Against the Salivary Proteins of Phlebotomus papatasi Reveals Clusters of Differential Immunoreactivity

Geraci¹,

Mukbel²,

Kemp³

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…papatasi saliva in naïve individuals, have no impact on the acquisition of a DTH to parasite during a subsequent transmission season, in our emerging focus. It has been reported in animal models that pre-exposition to uninfected sand fly bites is associated with the development of a protective cellular response against Leishmania infection [15,18,19,23,25,27,67,68]. However, a lack of protection against a challenge infection has also been reported in mice immunized with sand fly saliva [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human cellular and humoral immune responses to Phlebotomus papatasi salivary gland antigens in endemic areas differing in prevalence of Leishmania major infection

et al. 2017

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BackgroundSand fly saliva compounds are able to elicit specific immune responses that have a significant role in Leishmania parasite establishment and disease outcome. Characterizing anti-saliva immune responses in individuals living in well defined leishmaniasis endemic areas would provide valuable insights regarding their effect on parasite transmission and establishment in humans.Methodology/Principal findingsWe explored the cellular and humoral immune responses to Phlebotomus (P.) papatasi salivary gland extracts (SGE) in individuals living in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) old or emerging foci (OF, EF). OF was characterized by a higher infection prevalence as assessed by higher proportions of leishmanin skin test (LST) positive individuals compared to EF. Subjects were further subdivided into healed, asymptomatic or naïve groups. We showed anti-SGE proliferation in less than 30% of the individuals, regardless of the immune status, in both foci. IFN-γ production was higher in OF and only observed in immune individuals from OF and naïve subjects from EF. Although IL-10 was not detected, addition of anti-human IL-10 antibodies revealed an increase in proliferation and IFN-γ production only in individuals from OF. The percentage of seropositive individuals was similar in immune and naïves groups but was significantly higher in OF. No correlation was observed between anti-saliva immune responses and LST response. High anti-SGE-IgG responses were associated with an increased risk of developing ZCL. No differences were observed for anti-SGE humoral or cellular responses among naïve individuals who converted or not their LST response or developed or not ZCL after the transmission season.Conclusions/SignificanceThese data suggest that individuals living in an old focus characterized by a frequent exposure to sand fly bites and a high prevalence of infection, develop higher anti-saliva IgG responses and IFN-γ levels and a skew towards a Th2-type cellular response, probably in favor of parasite establishment, compared to those living in an emerging focus.

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“…Recently it was shown that the colonization of P. papatasi can provide a saliva associated protection. Mice immunized with SGH of F29 labbred female P. papatasi could produce protection against L. major co-inoculated with the same type of SGH while the mice immunized with SGH of the wild-caught sand flies did not produce any protection [33,72,82]. The reason for this may be associated with the different amounts of the salivary proteins in the colonized versus the wild sand flies rather than a genetic variability [42].…”

Section: New Approaches To the Vaccine Developmentmentioning

confidence: 74%

Sand fly saliva: toward a vaccine against leishmaniases

Vasoukolaei¹

2015

vacres

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Leishmaniases are a group of sand fly-borne diseases caused by protozoan parasites from species of Leishmania genus. These diseases are reported in about 100 countries with a prevalence of 12 million people infected and incidence of 2 million people per year, putting approximately 350 million people at risk of the infections. Leishmaniases are endemic and are considered as important public health problems in many provinces of Iran. The infection is transmitted through the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. The sand fly salivates while biting the vertebrate host. The saliva of phlebotomines consists of different molecules that are necessary for a sand fly to successfully take a blood meal. Additionally, previous exposures to sand fly saliva indirectly affect the establishment of Leishmania in the vertebrate host. Moreover, mice previously exposed to the saliva by injection or by uninfected sand fly bites have shown both humoral and cellular immune responses against the salivary antigens that protects them against Leishmania infection. Importantly, the immunization of mice with defined molecules from the saliva of the vector species has also conferred a strong protection against Leishmania infection. This suggests that such salivary components may be considered as candidates for a cocktail vaccine against leishmaniases. The current article briefly explains the potential of salivary components of sand fly vectors as immunological items to prevent leishmaniasis. So far, there is no efficient vaccine against these infections and efforts are required to be focused on developing effective and applicable vaccines against leishmaniases.

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Colonization of Phlebotomus papatasi changes the effect of pre-immunization with saliva from lack of protection towards protection against experimental challenge with Leishmania major and saliva

Cited by 11 publications

References 39 publications

Profiling of Human Acquired Immunity Against the Salivary Proteins of Phlebotomus papatasi Reveals Clusters of Differential Immunoreactivity

Profiling of Human Acquired Immunity Against the Salivary Proteins of Phlebotomus papatasi Reveals Clusters of Differential Immunoreactivity

Human cellular and humoral immune responses to Phlebotomus papatasi salivary gland antigens in endemic areas differing in prevalence of Leishmania major infection

Sand fly saliva: toward a vaccine against leishmaniases

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