A great deal has been written on the recent achievements in the field of colon and rectal surgery via the laparoscope. Although impressive, this form of limited-access surgery has been slow to be universally adopted as the approach of choice for all colorectal pathologies. Despite only limited acceptance of laparoscopy, there is no doubt that the principles of limited access surgery have been practiced in the field of colon and rectal surgery, the longest of all surgical subspecialties. These triumphs have occurred using the colonoscope for treatment of lower gastrointestinal tract pathologies.This article explores therapeutic colonoscopy in the intervention of mechanical obstruction secondary to neoplasia, colonic volvulus, anastomotic strictures, colonic pseudo-obstruction, the localization and treatment of lower gastrointestinal bleeding, and the extraction of foreign bodies. Polypectomy and the treatment of complications of polypectomy can be found in the ar-ticle written by Drs. Weiss and Beck, respectively, in this issue of Clinics.
MECHANICAL OBSTRUCTION
NeoplasticCancer of the colon remains the commonest cause of large bowel obstruction in the United States, 1 approximately 10 to 30% of all colorectal cancers present in this fashion. 2 Obstructing lesions of the right colon are usually dealt with via resection and anastomosis. 1,3,4 Resection and primary colo-colonic anastomosis are not performed for left-sided obstructions. It is generally accepted that unprepared, dilated large bowel in already severely debilitated patients provides an unsuitable environment for healing of an anastomosis.Surgeons are left with the following alternatives in the face of an acute left-sided obstruction: permanent 347 ABSTRACT Colonoscopy provides a limited-access approach to colonic pathologies that would otherwise require surgical intervention. These therapies are proving safe and effective in a segment of the population prone to significant surgical morbidity and mortality. Colonic obstruction secondary to neoplasia, volvulus, anastomotic stricture, and colonic pseudo-obstruction are being treated via the colonoscope with reported success rates in excess of 90%. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding appears best localized via the colonoscope, and new experience suggests common pathologies such as angiodysplasia and diverticulosis are amenable to colonoscopic treatment in the majority of cases. The literature suggests these interventions to be safe, with complication and mortality rates below 5%.Objectives: On completion of this article the reader should be able to understand the advantages and disadvantages of colonoscopic intervention of the following forms of colonic obstruction: neoplastic, volvulus, anastomotic stricture, and colonic pseudoobstruction and to understand the advantages and disadvantages of colonoscopic localization and intervention of lower gastrointestinal bleeding.