Color Responses in the Cladocera and Their Ecological Significance

Smith, Frederick E.; Baylor, Edward R.

doi:10.1086/281754

Cited by 72 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…For Daphnia Smith and Baylor (1953) obtained results similar to those by Rose (1925) and Clarke (1932) in which they found animals that were positively phototactic at 15°C became negative at 30°C and showed a stronger positive response at 0-5°C. In addition, Clarke (1932) found that older individuals that were negatively phototactic normally reversed to positive phototaxis upon lowering the temperature.…”

Section: Temperaturesupporting

confidence: 79%

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Light and Diurnal Vertical Migration: Photobehavior and Photophysiology of Plankton

ForwardJr.

1976

Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews

116

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Section: Temperaturesupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Color dances, originally reported by Smith and Baylor (1953), demonstrate this phenomenon. Under red light (greater than 600 nm) presented from above, they found four cladoceran species to display a vertical hop and sink behavior with low swimming velocity and horizontal movement (red dance).…”

Section: Differential Responsivenessmentioning

confidence: 69%

Light and Diurnal Vertical Migration: Photobehavior and Photophysiology of Plankton

ForwardJr.

1976

Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews

116

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“…For example, a strong relationship has been demonstrated between lake transparency and the magnitude of Daphnia vertical migrations in nature (Dodson 1990). Laboratory experiments with polychromatic light have demonstrated that cladocerans are negatively phototactic to short-wavelength blue light but positively phototactic to long-wavelength red light (Smith and Baylor 1953). Theses ''color dances'' were hypothesized to cue zooplankton to high concentrations of algal food but were also thought to influence DVM.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ exposure to ultraviolet radiation alters the depth distribution of Daphnia

Leech

Williamson

2001

Limnology & Oceanography

151

119

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Damaging solar radiation was one of the first factors proposed to explain zooplankton diel vertical migrations (DVM), yet other factors such as temperature, food, and especially predation have typically been more widely studied and identified as the primary factors inducing DVM. This is true in spite of the fact that recent experiments have shown that ambient levels of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are potentially lethal to zooplankton and negative phototactic behavior has been demonstrated in the laboratory. Here we present the first evidence from in situ experiments demonstrating that UVR wavelengths influence the vertical swimming behavior of zooplankton under full spectrum solar radiation. Cylindrical acrylic columns that transmitted or blocked UVR were used to examine the behavioral responses of Daphnia pulicaria to UVR. Experiments were conducted in the epilimnion of a high‐UV system at midday and in late afternoon. In both experiments, a large proportion of individuals migrated downward in the presence of UVR, whereas those in the UVR‐shielded treatments tended to remain closer to the surface.

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“…E. Smith and E. R. Baylor (17) 20 pale copepods from Lake Lenore, and each of the other four contained 20 red copepods from Soap Lake. Reddest animals were chosen to ensure high carotenoid content.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoprotection by carotenoid pigments in the copepod Diaptomus nevadensis.

Hairston¹

1976

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

178

148

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Individuals of the copepod Diaptomus nevadensis that contain high concentrations of carotenoids survive significantly better in natural intensities of visible light than less pigmented copepods. Vertical migration and behavior in light of different wave lengths are related to the degree of pigmentation.Many investigators of aquatic communities have shown that the more visible zooplankters are the preferred prey of fish and other predators that hunt by sight (1-3). Strikingly visible, bright red copepods, however, are common in many lakes and ponds. While Nilsson and Pejler (4) showed that large red copepods occur in Swedish lakes only when the planktivorous whitefish (Coregonus) are absent or rare, the question of why any should be red remained unanswered.Diaptomus nevadensis Light, a calanoid copepod, is found in two lakes in central Washington. Those living in Lake Lenore are pale blue, clear, or only slightly red, while those in Soap Lake are deep red in color. Soap Lake is quite saline (17 g/liter) and contains no vertebrates, while a population of predatory salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum, Green) is found in Lake Lenore (salinity 1.7 g/liter) as well as greater numbers of aquatic insects. In the laboratory, salamanders from Lake Lenore consume red copepods in preference to pale ones. Studies on stomach contents of animals from the lake are in progress.Species of Diaptomus have, in several cases, been shown to contain carotenoid pigments which give them their red color (5-7). While many hypotheses have been forwarded to explain this phenomenon, none had up to the present time been proven (8, 9). One of the more plausible of these explanations first proposed by Griffiths et al. (10) suggests that the carotenoids protect the animals from potentially damaging, visible wave lengths of light. These pigments have been shown by many investigators to enhance survival of a wide variety of bacteria and plants, probably by preventing the photooxidation of sensitive molecules (10-12). To the present, examples of this function in animals appear to be limited to trout eggs, mice, and humans (12).Reports of the damaging effect of visible light on copepods are common (13), and J. M. Harvey in 1930 showed that the cause could be attributed much more to blue light than to green or red (14). This agrees with the observation that porphyrins and flavins, likely candidates for the sensitizers in photodynamic action (11,15) To test the importance of these considerations in Diaptomus nevadensis, experiments were made comparing the survival of dark red copepods with that of pale copepods in natural intensities of light, and comparing their behavior in different colors of light. METHODSDiaptomus nevadensis were collected by plankton net and stored in the laboratory at 100. The animals were used within 5 days of capture to ensure that they were in good condition. Field measurements of light were made with a pyrheliometer and a submersible photocell with glass cut-off filters.Photodamage Experiments. Two experiments were run t...

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Color Responses in the Cladocera and Their Ecological Significance

Cited by 72 publications

References 0 publications

Light and Diurnal Vertical Migration: Photobehavior and Photophysiology of Plankton

Light and Diurnal Vertical Migration: Photobehavior and Photophysiology of Plankton

In situ exposure to ultraviolet radiation alters the depth distribution of Daphnia

Photoprotection by carotenoid pigments in the copepod Diaptomus nevadensis.

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