Color Trails Test: Normative Data and Criterion Validity for the Greek Adult Population

Abstract

The Color Trails Test (CTT) was developed as a culturally fair analog of the Trail Making Test. In the present study, normative data for the CTT were developed for the Greek adult population and further the criterion validity of the CTT was examined in two clinical groups (29 Parkinson's disease [PD] and 25 acute stroke patients). The instrument was applied to 163 healthy participants, aged 19-75. Stepwise linear regression analyses revealed a significant influence of age and education level on completion time in both parts of the CTT (increased age and decreased educational level contributed to slower completion times for both parts), whereas gender did not influence time to completion of part B. Further, the CTT appears to discriminate adequately between the performance of PD and acute stroke patients and matched healthy controls.

Normative Values of Cognitive and Physical Function in Older Adults: Findings from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing

“…Limited normative data exist for the Color Trails Test. The trend of longer completion time with age is demonstrated, and the greater effect of education on the Trails 2 norms is similar to that reported previously …”

“…The trend of longer completion time with age is demonstrated, and the greater effect of education on the Trails 2 norms is similar to that reported previously. 8,[29][30][31] Bone mineral density (BMD) declines with age, particularly in women. Although many normative studies of BMD exist in middle-aged and older populations, the majority use dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, 32,33 which is considered to be the criterion standard for osteoporosis diagnosis.…”

Brain-predicted age difference score is related to specific cognitive functions: A multi-site replication analysis

“…The major limitation of our study is that for the majority of the cognitive domains investigated here, we used different cognitive measures to assess the putatively same cognitive processes. For example, although we considered the CTT 2 as a direct 'culture-free' analogue of the TMT B, as it is widely described (Elkin-Frankston, Lebowitz, Kapust, Hollis, & O'Connor, 2007;Messinis, Malegiannaki, Christodoulou, Panagiotopoulos, & Papathanasopoulos, 2011), the CTT 2 has different stimuli (shapes and colors vs numbers and letters) and takes longer because it has more stimuli (Mitrushina, Boone, Razani, & D'Elia, 2005). Consequently, some have argued, based on findings of significant difference in mean scores on CTT 2 and TMT B, that the tests are not direct equivalents (Dugbartey, Townes, & Mahurin, 2000;Strauss, Sherman, & Spreen, 2006).…”

The relationship between natural outdoor environments and cognitive functioning and its mediators

“…Participants are required to rapidly connect the circles in sequence, but to alternate between the pink and yellow colors. Such a task is thought to be demanding for sustained and divided attention, and poorer CTT results have been reported in ageing populations [43] and in clinical populations with impaired cognitive function [44].…”