Color Vision Deficiency in Zahedan, Iran

Momeni‐Moghaddam, Hamed; Ng, Jason; Robabi, Hassan; Yaghubi, Farshid

doi:10.1097/opx.0000000000000393

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The prevalence of color blindness was 15.85% in men and 12.96% in women. Although other studies have also reported a higher prevalence of the disease in men versus women,1, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 33 the prevalence of color blindness in our female participants was higher than other studies. Although this finding is in line with the findings of study, 1 other previous studies have not supported this finding 7, 8, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 32, 33…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 95%

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The prevalence of color vision deficiency in the northeast of Iran

Hashemi

Khabazkhoob

Pakzad

et al. 2019

Journal of Current Ophthalmology

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Purpose To determine the prevalence of color vision deficiency (CVD) in the northeast of Iran. Methods This cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted in Mashhad, in the northeast of Iran. Multistage cluster sampling was used for selecting the participants. After preliminary screening, the subjects underwent a complete ophthalmic examination. The examination included the measurement of visual acuity, refraction, and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. The Farnsworth D-15 test was used to detect CVD. The color vision test was done with the best optical correction. Results Of the 4453 invitees, 3132 participated in the study (response rate: 70.4%). The overall prevalence of CVD in this study was 13.93% [95% confidence interval (CI): 12.44–15.41]. The prevalence of CVD in males and females was 15.85% (95% CI: 13.26–18.44) and 12.96% (95% CI: 11.22–14.71), respectively. The most prevalent types of CVD were tritanopia (6.96%; 95% CI: 5.84–8.08), deuteranopia (3.92%; 95% CI: 3.14–4.70) and tritanomalous (2.21%; 95% CI: 1.55–2.86), respectively. According to the results of logistic regression, the odds of having protanopia were higher in females than males [Odds ratio (OR) = 4.80; 95% CI: 1.20–19.18]. The odds of having deuteranopia were lower in females than males (OR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.35–0.76). The odds of having CVD were lower in 16–30 (OR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.37–0.73) and higher in 46–60 (OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.01–1.97) year age groups compared to 7–15 year age group. The odds of having tritanopia in 16–30 and 46–60 year age groups was 0.56 (95% CI: 0.35–0.90) and 1.79 (95% CI: 1.19–2.67) compared to 7–15 year age groups, respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of CVD was high in this study, especially in males and people over 46 years of age. Planning for involvement of ocular disease control programs in health care systems can be helpful in the reduction of CVD and improving the quality of life in affected patients.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 95%

“…It seems that Mashhad, as one of the most religious cities of Iran, has a similar condition leading to an increase in CVD. The differences between our study and the studies conducted in other parts of Iran confirm this hypothesis 19, 20, 32, 33…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

The prevalence of color vision deficiency in the northeast of Iran

Hashemi

Khabazkhoob

Pakzad

et al. 2019

Journal of Current Ophthalmology

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“…Similarly, studies in the nearby countries found that the prevalence of color vision deficiency was: 8.72% of males and 0.33% of females (n=1418, 218 males and 1200 females) in Jordan 20 , 7.33% among the Turkish males (n=941 males) 21 , 5.85% of males and 0.75% of females (n=1638, 838 males and 800 females) among the Saudi Arabia children 22 , and 1.6% of males, 0.2% of the females (n=1000) in Zahedan, Iran 23 which is obviously lower than predicted. The prevalence of color vision deficiency among the males and females in the present study is higher than prevalence rates in the above countries and higher than the global range, which is near 8% in boys and 0.4% in girls of Caucasians ethnic group 3-15-24 and between 4% and 6.5% in males and 0.7% and 1.7% in females of Japanese and Chinese ethnicities 24 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Prevalence of color vision deficiency among primary school pupils in Duhok city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Hussein¹,

Al-Dabbagh²

2022

Adv.med.j.

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Background and objectives: Color vision deficiency or color blindness is a difficulty in recognizing certain colors. The color vision deficient persons remain unmindful about their condition and only become aware accidentally when tested for color vision. Color vision deficiency may affect job performance in certain careers like drivers, pilots, electrical and electronic engineers, policemen, artists, and medical practitioners. The study aims to detect the color vision deficiency prevalence among the primary school pupils in Duhok city. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among randomely selected two primary school children in Duhok city, Iraq from 1st February 2019 to 1st May 2019. Socio-demographic data was collected by interview using a questionnaire. All participants underwent color vision evaluation using Ishihara’s pseudo isochromatic test 24 plate editions. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 24. Results: Out of 978 pupils, 491 were males (50.21%) and 487 were females (49.79%), color vision deficiency was detected in 55 pupils giving a prevalence of (5.63%); among them, 38 pupils have had deutan defects (3.89%) and 17 had protan defects (1.74%). Color vision deficient pupils were 47 males (9.6%) and 8 females (1.64%). Conclusions: This study found that 5.63% of pupils were color deficient, with male gender predominance. All of the color deficient pupils were unmindful of their condition. Green color deficient pupils (deutans) were more than red color deficient (protans), with zero cases of total color blindness.

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“…Moreover, previous studies showed that the prevalence of acquired CVD is higher in the population above 40 years of age [21] . Few studies in Iran reported the prevalence of CVD between 1.6% and 15.85% depending on demographic factors [18,[22][23] . For example, the Shahroud Eye Cohort study reported the prevalence of acquired and congenital CVD as 1.1% and 4.4%, respectively [18] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of red-green color vision deficiency and its related factors in an elderly population above 60 years of age

Hashemi,

Jamali

et al. 2023

Int J Ophthalmol

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AIM: To determine the prevalence of red-green (RG) color vision deficiency (CVD) in an elderly population and its related factors. METHODS: This report is a part of the Tehran Geriatric Eye Study: a cross-sectional population-based study that was conducted on the elderly population (≥60y) of Tehran, Iran using multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling. All study participants underwent complete ocular examination, including the measurement of uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity, objective and subjective refraction, and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. The color vision was tested using Ishihara plates with the near optical correction in place. RESULTS: Of the 3791 invitees, 3310 participated in the study. The data of 2164 individuals were analyzed after applying the exclusion criteria. The prevalence of R-G CVD was 3.73% (95%CI: 2.37%–5.09%) in the whole sample; the prevalence of protanomaly, protanopia, and deuteranopia was 1.51%, 1.76%, and 0.45%, respectively. The prevalence of R-G CVD was significantly higher in males than in females. The prevalence of RG CVD increased with advancing age from 2.91% in the age group 60–64y to 5.8% in the age group ≥80y (P=0.070). According to the multiple logistic regression model, male sex, and glaucoma were significantly related to RG CVD. Older age and hypertension also had a marginally significant relationship with RG CVD. CONCLUSION: Changes in color vision occur in the elderly due to the aging process and some physiological and pathological factors. Since the change in visual perception may affect the person's performance, this aspect of the visual system's function should also be taken into consideration in the examinations of the elderly.

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Color Vision Deficiency in Zahedan, Iran

Abstract: The prevalence of red-green color vision deficiency was found to be significantly lower in Zahedan than comparable reports in the literature.

Cited by 7 publications

References 14 publications

The prevalence of color vision deficiency in the northeast of Iran

The prevalence of color vision deficiency in the northeast of Iran

Prevalence of color vision deficiency among primary school pupils in Duhok city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

The prevalence of red-green color vision deficiency and its related factors in an elderly population above 60 years of age

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