Color Vision in Fishes

Levine, Joseph; MacNichol, Edward F.

doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0282-140

Cited by 191 publications

(98 citation statements)

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“…Ontogenic and regional differentiations of photoreceptors in their spectral sensitivity are classical and well documented phenomena in many vertebrates including fish and mammals (Levine and MacNichol, 1982;Ahnelt and Kolb, 2000). The phenomena have been ascribed to differential usage of opsin types or chromophore types.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and spatial changes in the expression pattern of multiple red and green subtype opsin genes during zebrafish development

Takechi

Kawamura

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

149

185

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SUMMARY Zebrafish have two red, LWS-1 and LWS-2, and four green, RH2-1, RH2-2, RH2-3 and RH2-4, opsin genes encoding photopigments with distinct absorption spectra. Occurrence of opsin subtypes by gene duplication is characteristic of fish but little is known whether the subtypes are expressed differently in the retina, either spatially or temporally. Here we show by in situ hybridization the dynamic expression patterns of the opsin subtypes in the zebrafish retina. Expression of red type opsins is initiated with the shorter-wavelength subtype LWS-2, followed by the longer-wavelength subtype LWS-1. In the adult retina, LWS-2 was expressed in the central to dorsal area and LWS-1 in the ventral and peripheral areas. Expression patterns of green type opsins were similar to those of the red type opsins. The expression started with the shortest wavelength subtype RH2-1 followed by the longer wavelength ones, and in the adult retina, the shorter wavelength subtypes (RH2-1 and RH2-2) were expressed in the central to dorsal area and longer wavelength subtypes (RH2-3 and RH2-4)in the ventral and peripheral areas. These results provide the framework for subsequent studies of opsin gene regulation and for probing functional rationale of the developmental changes by using the power of zebrafish genetics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and spatial changes in the expression pattern of multiple red and green subtype opsin genes during zebrafish development

Takechi

Kawamura

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

149

185

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“…Batty 1987). Adult marine fishes are insensitive to wavelengths greater than 750 nm (Levine & MacNichol 1982), and it appears that reef fish larvae are also insensitive to infrared light throughout development (Job & Shand 2001). Larvae were filmed twice during the day (1 to 3 h after 'lights-on' and 1 to 3 h before 'lights-off') and twice during the night (1 to 2 h after 'lights-off' and 1 to 2 h before 'lights-on'), with each filming period lasting 10 to 15 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Undisturbed swimming behaviour and nocturnal activity of coral reef fish larvae

Fisher¹,

Bellwood²

2003

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Larval dispersal is shaped by the interaction between oceanographic processes and larval behaviour. To evaluate the potential impact of larval behaviour on this process, we quantified the undisturbed swimming speeds and nocturnal swimming activity of 5 reef fish species throughout their larval phase. We used video techniques to obtain undisturbed observations of swimming behaviour in captive bred larvae. The results conclusively demonstrate that larvae maintain relatively high swimming speeds throughout development. Speeds were consistent among 3 anemonefish species (Amphiprioninae; Amphiprion melanopus, A. percula and Premnas biaculeatus), which swam an average of 3.9 and a maximum of 8.4 body lengths (bl) s -1 . However, differences may exist among taxa in the undisturbed swimming speeds of larvae. Highest speeds were recorded in the damselfish Pomacentrus amboinensis (Pomacentridae) and the slowest speeds in the cardinalfish Sphaeramia nematoptera (Apogonidae). The results support short-duration experimental and in situ evidence of high sustained swimming speeds. However, it is striking that larvae routinely swim at such speeds without external stimuli. The proportion of time larvae spent swimming at night increased rapidly towards the end of the larval phase in all 5 species examined. In addition, the undisturbed swimming speeds of larvae were significantly greater at night than during the day. Patterns of nocturnal activity appear to relate to the active nocturnal settlement behaviour of larvae. The pattern of swimming, and speeds achieved, suggest that an active behavioural mechanism for self-recruitment is well within the capabilities of the reef fish larvae examined. KEY WORDS: Reef fish larvae · Larval behaviour · Swimming activityResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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“…Blue and green lights were tested because they are widespread in fish environments (1). Also, Loukashkin and Grant (4) and Kawamoto and Takeda (5) showed that fish are attracted to green and blue lights and avoid red light.…”

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confidence: 99%

Environmental blue light prevents stress in the fish Nile tilapia

Volpato

Barreto

2001

Braz J Med Biol Res

154

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The present study aimed to test the effects of blue, green or white light on the stress response of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Each color was tested on two groups of isolated adult Nile tilapia (8 replicates each): one being subjected to confinement stress, and the other not (control). A different environmental color was imposed on each compartment by covering the light source with cellophane of the respective color (green or blue; no cellophane was used for white light). The intensity of green, white and blue lights was 250, 590 and 250 lux, respectively. Basal plasma cortisol levels were determined for each fish prior to the experimental procedures. The fish were confined by being displaced toward one side of the aquarium using an opaque partition for 1 h both in the morning and the afternoon of the two consecutive days of the test. At the end of this 48-h period, plasma cortisol levels were measured again. Basal cortisol levels (ng/ml) were similar for each group (ANOVA, F (2;42) = 0.77, P = 0.47). Thus, plasma cortisol levels were analyzed in terms of variation from their respective basal level. After confinement, plasma cortisol levels were not increased in fish submitted to a blue light environment. Thus, blue light prevents the confinement-induced cortisol response, an effect not necessarily related to light intensity.

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Color Vision in Fishes

Cited by 191 publications

References 0 publications

Temporal and spatial changes in the expression pattern of multiple red and green subtype opsin genes during zebrafish development

Temporal and spatial changes in the expression pattern of multiple red and green subtype opsin genes during zebrafish development

Undisturbed swimming behaviour and nocturnal activity of coral reef fish larvae

Environmental blue light prevents stress in the fish Nile tilapia

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