ColorBars

Hu, Pengfei; Pathak, Parth H.; Feng, Xiaotao; Fu, Hao; Mohapatra, Prasant

doi:10.1145/2716281.2836097

Cited by 78 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…RSE applications and exploitation for attacks. Many visible light communication (VLC) systems are designed based on RSE [11,17,18,23,47,49]. Specifically, the light source encodes information into controlled flickering, while the camera extracts the information from the RSE-induced stripes.…”

Section: Related Work Physical Attacks On Autonomous Vehicle Camera P...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Invisible Optical Adversarial Stripes on Traffic Sign against Autonomous Vehicles

Guo,

Wu,

Dai

et al. 2024

Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services

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Camera-based computer vision is essential to autonomous vehicle's perception. This paper presents an attack that uses light-emitting diodes and exploits the camera's rolling shutter effect to create adversarial stripes in the captured images to mislead traffic sign recognition. The attack is stealthy because the stripes on the traffic sign are invisible to human. For the attack to be threatening, the recognition results need to be stable over consecutive image frames. To achieve this, we design and implement GhostStripe, an attack system that controls the timing of the modulated light emission to adapt to camera operations and victim vehicle movements. Evaluated on real testbeds, GhostStripe can stably spoof the traffic sign recognition results for up to 94% of frames to a wrong class when the victim vehicle passes the road section. In reality, such attack effect may fool victim vehicles into life-threatening incidents. We discuss the countermeasures at the levels of camera sensor, perception model, and autonomous driving system. CCS CONCEPTS• Computer systems organization → Embedded and cyberphysical systems; • Security and privacy → Systems security; Side-channel analysis and countermeasures.

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Section: Related Work Physical Attacks On Autonomous Vehicle Camera P...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Invisible Optical Adversarial Stripes on Traffic Sign against Autonomous Vehicles

Guo,

Wu,

Dai

et al. 2024

Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services

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“…There are three main types of OCC based on their transmitter types: (i) liquid crystal display-based OCC, such as screen-camera communication [26,27], defined as LCD-OCC; (ii) LED panel-based display-camera communication, defined as LED-DCC [28]; and (iii) LED-based OCC, such as ColorBar, CASK [29][30][31], defined as LED-OCC. Specifically, LED-OCC adopts high-efficiency LED lighting infrastructure as the transmitter and cameraequipped smart devices as receivers in order to realize ubiquitous data communication.…”

Section: Brief Overview Of Led-based Occmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraints and Recent Solutions of Optical Camera Communication for Practical Applications

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2023

Photonics

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Visible light communication (VLC) has emerged as a promising technology for wireless communication due to its advantages of the vast optical spectrum, high energy efficiency, and no electromagnetic interference radiation. With the widespread adoption of LED infrastructure and camera-equipped smart devices, optical camera communication (OCC) has gained momentum as a pragmatic version of VLC based on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) devices. Compared with VLC systems based on photodiodes (PD), the information-carrying capability of OCC enables it to provide a wide range of services in the areas of intelligent transportation, indoor positioning, underwater communication, and the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper presents a brief overview of the OCC system, focuses on the constraints affecting OCC performance, and offers feasible solutions for dependable data transmission in complex and diverse scenarios. Finally, this paper summarizes the potential extended applications of OCC, hoping to push this advanced form of optical wireless communication toward practical deployments in our daily lives.

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“…Alternatively, an under-sampled PAM scheme is also used to transmit an increased data rate of 250 bps using a 50 fps camera receiver system [372]. Three different colors (red, green, and blue) used as optical source modulations, using the color shift keying (CSK) technique at the data rate of 150 bps and 5.2 Kbps, are given in [373,374], respectively. The modulation of spatial components of a traffic-light VLC-OCC system using a two-dimensional Harr wavelet transform is detailed in [375].…”

Section: Optical Camera Communication (Occ)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where 𝑵 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 and 𝑵 𝒓𝒐𝒘 are the number of columns and rows of the images, and ITx (m, n) and IRx (m, n) are the intensity levels within the region of interest of the transmitted and received images, respectively. Note that PSNR SNR and is only equal when the original Three different colors (red, green, and blue) used as optical source modulations, using the color shift keying (CSK) technique at the data rate of 150 bps and 5.2 Kbps, are given in [373,374], respectively. The modulation of spatial components of a traffic-light VLC-OCC system using a two-dimensional Harr wavelet transform is detailed in [375].…”

Section: Optical Camera Communication (Occ)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review–Unguided Optical Communications: Developments, Technology Evolution, and Challenges

et al. 2023

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This review paper discusses the complete evolution of free-space optical (FSO) communication, also known as unguided optical communication (UOC) technologies, all the way back to ancient man’s fire to today’s machine-learning-supported UOC systems. The principles, significance, and developments that have happened over the past several decades, as well as installation methodologies, technological limitations, and today’s challenges of UOCs are presented. All the subsets of UOC: FSO communication, underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC), and visible light communication (VLC), with their technology/system developments, potential applications, and limitations are reviewed. The state-of-the-art developments/achievements in (i) FSO channel effects and their mitigation techniques; (ii) radio-over-FSO techniques; (iii) wavelength division multiplexing and sub-carrier multiplexing techniques; (iv) FSO for worldwide interoperability for microwave access applications; (v) space optical satellite communication (SOSC); (vi) UWOC; (vii) photoacoustic communication (PAC); (viii) light-fidelity; (ix) VLC; (x) vehicular VLC (V2LC); and (xi) optical camera communication are reviewed. In addition, the current developments on emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (to improve the performance of UOC systems), energy harvesting (for the effective utilization of UOC channels), and near-future communication network scenarios (mandatory for secured broadband digital links) are covered. Finally, in brief, to achieve the full potential of UOC systems, challenges that require immediate research attention are summarized.

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ColorBars

Cited by 78 publications

References 17 publications

Invisible Optical Adversarial Stripes on Traffic Sign against Autonomous Vehicles

Invisible Optical Adversarial Stripes on Traffic Sign against Autonomous Vehicles

Constraints and Recent Solutions of Optical Camera Communication for Practical Applications

A Review–Unguided Optical Communications: Developments, Technology Evolution, and Challenges

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