“…In the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, however, PRC is titrated with sodium hydroxide and determined by thin layer chromatography (Liu et al, 2012). Other analytical methods have also been used, including colorimetry (Lee & Livett, 1967;Salama & Omer, 1980), spectrophotometry (Liu et al, 2000), gas chromatography (Baniceru, Croitoru, & Popescu, 2004;Ohshima & Takayasu, 1999), high performance liquid chromatography (He, Peng, Tang, & Zhang, 2013;Liu, Peng, et al, 2017;Lu, 2012), and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (Babic et al, 2010;Dhananjeyan et al, 2007). However, these methods are time consuming and expensive because they require long pre-treatment procedures and sophisticated analytical instruments (Ge, Suryoprabowo, Zheng, & Kuang, 2017;Liu, Suryoprabowo, Zheng, Song, & Kuang, 2017;Wang, Zheng, et al, 2017).…”