Colour, contours, shading and shape: flow interactions reveal anchor neighbourhoods

Kunsberg, Benjamin; Holtmann-Rice, Daniel; Alexander, Emma; Cholewiak, Steven A.; Fleming, Roland W.; Zucker, Steven W.

doi:10.1098/rsfs.2018.0019

Cited by 25 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…First, DO cells might aid in shape-from-shading. Extraction of chromatic orientation flows in 2-D images is critical for accurate perception of 3-D shapes (Kingdom, 2003;Kunsberg, 2018;Zaidi, 2006). In some displays, alignment of chromatic and luminance edges suppresses the percept of 3-D form whereas misalignment enhances the 3-D percept (Kingdom, 2003).…”

Section: Do Cells Carry Information About the Phase And Orientation Omentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, unoriented RFs could contribute to simultaneous color contrast and could be responsible for the well-documented deficiencies in form vision at isoluminance (Gregory, 1977; M. S. Livingstone, & Hubel, D. H., 1987;McIlhagga, 2018;Mullen, 2002). Oriented RFs could contribute to shape-from-shading-the ability to estimate the 3-D shapes of objects from shading cues (Kingdom, 2003;Kunsberg, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial receptive field structure of double-opponent cells in macaque V1

Horwitz

2020

Preprint

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Double-opponent (DO) cells are well-suited to contribute to the spatial processing of color due to their spatially opponent and cone-opponent receptive fields (RFs).However, the representation of visual images by DO cells in monkey primary visual cortex is unclear because the spatial RF structure of DO cells has not been fully characterized. Early reports suggested that DO cells have center-surround RFs, but more recent studies have shown that some DO cells are orientation-tuned. To characterize the RFs of DO cells, we mapped them in awake fixating macaques, fit them with parametric models, and compared them to the benchmark of orientationtuned simple cells. Neurons were stimulated with colorful, dynamic white noise patterns.Spike-triggered averaging was used to classify each neuron as simple, DO, or neither and to measure its spatial RF. The spatial RF of each neuron was fitted with a Gabor model and a Difference of Gaussians (DoG) model. The Gabor model provided the more accurate description, a result that is incompatible with a center-surround RF organization. The superiority of the Gabor fits was slightly more decisive for simple than for DO cells. A modified (non-concentric) DoG model performed nearly as well as the Gabor model for DO cells.

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Section: Do Cells Carry Information About the Phase And Orientation Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial receptive field structure of double-opponent cells in macaque V1

Horwitz

2020

Preprint

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“…The basic idea is that reflected features of a scene stretch out in directions perpendicular to the surface depth gradients, and are compressed as a cosine function of the magnitudes of those gradients. Similar ideas involving oriented flow gradients have also been proposed for the analysis of shading on matte surfaces ( Bretan & Zucker, 1996 ; Kunsberg, Holtmann-Rice, Alexander, Cholewiak, Fleming, & Zucker, 2018 ; Kunsberg & Zucker, 2018 ; Pont & Koenderink, 2008 , Pont, van Doorn, Wijntjes, & Koenderink, 2015 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Contours produced by internal specular interreflections provide visual information for the perception of glass materials

Todd

Norman

2020

Journal of Vision

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Two experiments are reported that investigated how the perceptual identification of glass is influenced by banding contours formed by internal specular interreflections within glass materials. Observers made material categorization judgments for images depicting glass, chrome, shiny black and shiny white objects, and for contour drawings that were created by edge filtering images of glass, chrome or textured objects. Observers rated each stimulus by adjusting four sliders to indicate their confidence that the depicted material was glass, metal, shiny black, or something else, and these adjustments were constrained so that the sum of all four settings was always 100%. The results revealed that the rendered images were all categorized correctly with a high level of confidence. The contour drawings of glass and textured materials were also categorized correctly with a high level of confidence. However, the contour drawings of chrome materials were miscategorized as glass, with an average confidence rating that was significantly lower than those obtained for the glass contours. It is hypothesized that these different contour types are perceptually distinguished from one another based on how they align with the pattern of surface curvature on an object and the smoothness of the contours.

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“…These two types of luminance information helped the visual system organize the luminance distributions and edges in the grayscale-images [ 42 , 60 – 64 ]. Also, the luminance-gradient called "shading" could help the visual system to perceive the shape of the object’s surface [ 18 , 25 , 27 , 65 – 72 ] and to decompose the object on the basis of the surface’s shape [ 73 ]. Note that this kind of luminance information did not improve performance in Experiments 1 and 3, which suggests that the luminance-gradient and the luminance-polarity are not as important as the contours produced by luminance-edges in the retinal image are for perceiving 3D information in a real scene.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seeing our 3D world while only viewing contour-drawings

2021

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Artists can represent a 3D object by using only contours in a 2D drawing. Prior studies have shown that people can use such drawings to perceive 3D shapes reliably, but it is not clear how useful this kind of contour information actually is in a real dynamical scene in which people interact with objects. To address this issue, we developed an Augmented Reality (AR) device that can show a participant a contour-drawing or a grayscale-image of a real dynamical scene in an immersive manner. We compared the performance of people in a variety of run-of-the-mill tasks with both contour-drawings and grayscale-images under natural viewing conditions in three behavioral experiments. The results of these experiments showed that the people could perform almost equally well with both types of images. This contour information may be sufficient to provide the basis for our visual system to obtain much of the 3D information needed for successful visuomotor interactions in our everyday life.

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Colour, contours, shading and shape: flow interactions reveal anchor neighbourhoods

Cited by 25 publications

References 60 publications

Spatial receptive field structure of double-opponent cells in macaque V1

Spatial receptive field structure of double-opponent cells in macaque V1

Contours produced by internal specular interreflections provide visual information for the perception of glass materials

Seeing our 3D world while only viewing contour-drawings

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