Column abundance and the long-term trend of hydrogen chloride (HCl) above the Jungfraujoch Station

Zander, Rodolphe; Roland, G.; Delbouille, L.; Sauval, A. J.; Farmer, C. B.; Norton, R. H.

doi:10.1007/bf00113902

Cited by 34 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Past investigations of HCl trends from long-term ground-based monitoring include the studies by Zander et al [1987], Rinsland et al [1991], Wallace and Livingston [1991], and Wallace et al [1997]. All of these papers reported HCl total column increases obtained mostly prior to the impact of the regulations noted above.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term trends of inorganic chlorine from ground‐based infrared solar spectra: Past increases and evidence for stabilization

Rinsland

2003

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] Long-term time series of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO 2 ) total column abundances has been retrieved from high spectral resolution ground-based solar absorption spectra recorded with infrared Fourier transform spectrometers at nine NDSC (Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change) sites in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The data sets span up to 24 years and most extend until the end of 2001. The time series of Cl y (defined here as the sum of the HCl and ClONO 2 columns) from the three locations with the longest time-span records show rapid increases until the early 1990s superimposed on marked day-to-day, seasonal and inter-annual variability. Subsequently, the buildup in Cl y slows and reaches a broad plateau after 1996, also characterized by variability. A similar time evolution is also found in the total chlorine concentration at 55 km altitude derived from Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) global observations since 1991. The stabilization of inorganic chlorine observed in both the total columns and at 55 km altitude indicates that the near-global 1993 organic chlorine (CCl y ) peak at the Earth's surface has now propagated over a broad altitude range in the upper atmosphere, though the time lag is difficult to quantify precisely from the current data sets, due to variability. We compare the three longest measured time series with two-dimensional model calculations extending from 1977 to 2010, based on a halocarbon scenario that assumes past measured trends and a realistic extrapolation into the future. The model predicts broad Cl y maxima consistent with the long-term observations, followed by a slow Cl y decline reaching 12-14% relative to the peak by 2010. The data reported here confirm the effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and Adjustments in progressively phasing out the major man-related perturbations of the stratospheric ozone layer, in particular, the anthropogenic chlorinebearing source gases. Citation: Rinsland, C. P., et al., Long-term trends of inorganic chlorine from ground-based infrared solar spectra: Past increases and evidence for stabilization,

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term trends of inorganic chlorine from ground‐based infrared solar spectra: Past increases and evidence for stabilization

Rinsland

2003

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…In this paper, we report the results of a monitoring program of the integrated column amount of hydrogen fluoride above the Jungfraujoch Station, conducted since 1977 and on resulting HF/HCI column abundance rations, the HC1 data for such ratioing having been published in a separate paper (Zander et al, 1987b). In order to keep the subject of this paper as clear as possible, no attempt was made to deduce information on the concentration of HF versus altitude, although we recognize that such information can indeed be gained from low elevation observations through a curved atmosphere, especially when using series of lines with different temperature dependences (March6, 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of the integrated column of hydrogen fluoride above the Jungfraujoch Station since 1977 ? the HF/HCl column ratio

et al. 1987

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The amount of hydrogen fluoride (HF) above the International Scientific Station of the Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) has been monitored during the last 8 years. The results deduced spectroscopically from solar IR absorption measurements near 2.48 tim indicate a cumulative trend equivalent to (8.5 _+ 1)% increase per year, as well as short-term variability which appears to be strongly correlated with meridional circulation patterns during the February-April months. Based on intensified measurements made over the last three years, it is found that the integrated content of HF undergoes a seasonal change with a minimum occurring in the fall. The HF/HCI ratio derived from simultaneous HF and HCI measurements was found equal to 0.15 during the period 1977-79, and 0.24 for the 1983-85 timespan.

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“…Ground-based high-resolution spectroscopy at first provided total zenith column amounts of HCl only (Goldman et al, , 1987Zander et al, 1987b;Rinsland et al, 1991;Wallace and Livingston, 1991), and an ad hoc hypothesis of a constant fraction of tropospheric HCl was used at the time. The first attempts to retrieve altitude-dependent information from ground-based infrared solar absorption measurements of varying solar zenith angle were made by Marché et al (1980).…”

Section: Hclmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorine in the stratosphere

Clarmann¹

2013

Atmósfera

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Este artículo reseña varios aspectos de los compuestos clorados presentes en la estratosfera, que incluyen tanto su papel como agentes químicos como su función de trazadores de los procesos dinámicos. En la estratosfera, el cloro reactivo se libera a partir de los clorofluorocarbonos y otros gases orgánicos que contienen cloro. La mayor parte del cloro reactivo se convierte en compuestos inertes que almacenan cloro, como ClONO 2 y HCl. La reactivación del cloro estratosférico ocurre principalmente por reacciones heterogéneas en vórtices polares invernales, en combinación con la luz solar. Los ciclos catalíticos de Cl, ClO, BrO, Cl 2 O 2 , ClO 2 y otros compuestos como NO, NO 2 , OH y HO 2 destruyen el oxígeno impar (ozono y oxígeno atómico) de la atmósfera. El ciclo del dímero de ClO es particularmente importante en la formación del agujero de ozono, mientras que en latitudes medias el HOCl tiene alguna relevancia. También los eventos de protones solares pueden alterar la química del cloro estratosférico, aunque su efecto de activación o desactivación depende de las condiciones de iluminación. La vida media atmosférica de los clorofluorocarbonos determina la disponibilidad de las sustancias que destruyen el ozono en la estratosfera y depende de la circulación de Brewer-Dobson, que a su vez establece a qué altitudes y por cuánto tiempo está expuesta una porción de aire a la fotoquímica. Por su parte, los gases orgánicos clorados pueden usarse como trazadores para estimar la edad del aire estratosférico y así examinar la circulación de Brewer-Dobson. El uso de métodos complementarios de medición ha sido esencial para ampliar nuestros conocimientos sobre los compuestos clorados en la estratosfera. El ClO se mide principalmente con métodos de percepción remota en las regiones del infrarrojo y de microondas. Las bandas del infrarrojo lejano son ideales para medir el HOCl, pero también se encuentra información sustancial en las regiones de microondas y del infrarrojo medio. El ClONO 2 se mide sólo en el infrarrojo térmico, en tanto que el HCl se puede observar en las regiones de microondas y del infrarrojo lejano y medio. Sin embargo, las bandas del HCl en el infrarrojo medio se encuentran en longitudes de onda en que la radiación de cuerpo negro a temperaturas terrestres es tan baja que el HCl sólo se puede detectar mediante la técnica de absorción solar. Los clorofluorocarbonos se miden con mayor exactitud utilizando métodos de muestreo in situ, aunque para lograr una cobertura global se requieren mediciones en el infrarrojo térmico realizadas desde satélites. En términos epistemológicos, la investigación de la química de la estratosfera y el papel específico de los compuestos clorados se ha basado en distintos conceptos científicos como el razonamiento deductivo, el falsacionismo, el razonamiento abductivo y la llamada "solución de enigmas dentro de la ciencia normal". Sin embargo, la concepción estructuralista de la visión no enunciativa de las teorías es probablemente la que mejor se aplica a la investigación de ...

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Column abundance and the long-term trend of hydrogen chloride (HCl) above the Jungfraujoch Station

Cited by 34 publications

References 19 publications

Long‐term trends of inorganic chlorine from ground‐based infrared solar spectra: Past increases and evidence for stabilization

Long‐term trends of inorganic chlorine from ground‐based infrared solar spectra: Past increases and evidence for stabilization

Monitoring of the integrated column of hydrogen fluoride above the Jungfraujoch Station since 1977 ? the HF/HCl column ratio

Chlorine in the stratosphere

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