Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) play a major role in the coupled biogeochemical cycling of sulfur and chalcophilic metal(loid)s. By implication, they can exert a strong influence on the speciation and mobility of multiple metal(loid) contaminants. In this study, we combined DsrAB gene sequencing and sulfur isotopic profiling to identify the phylogeny and distribution of SRB and to assess their metabolic activity in salt marsh sediments exposed to acid mine drainage (AMD) for over 100 years. Recovered dsrAB sequences from three sites sampled along an AMD flow path indicated the dominance of a single Desulfovibrio species. Other major sequence clades were related most closely to Desulfosarcina, Desulfococcus, Desulfobulbus, and Desulfosporosinus species. The presence of metal sulfides with low ␦ 34 S values relative to ␦ 34 S values of pore water sulfate showed that sediment SRB populations were actively reducing sulfate under ambient conditions (pH of ϳ2), although possibly within less acidic microenvironments. Interestingly, ␦ 34 S values for pore water sulfate were lower than those for sulfate delivered during tidal inundation of marsh sediments. 16S rRNA gene sequence data from sediments and sulfur isotope data confirmed that sulfur-oxidizing bacteria drove the reoxidation of biogenic sulfide coupled to oxygen or nitrate reduction over a timescale of hours. Collectively, these findings imply a highly dynamic microbially mediated cycling of sulfate and sulfide, and thus the speciation and mobility of chalcophilic contaminant metal(loid)s, in AMD-impacted marsh sediments.Salt marshes exhibit high primary production rates (1, 101) and form biogeochemical "transition zones" for nutrient production, transport, and cycling between terrestrial and coastal marine environments (41, 66, 100). These zones also serve to reduce the flux of potentially toxic metals in contaminated groundwater to estuaries (12,99,106). Both functions depend strongly on microbial activity, especially that of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) (42,62,67). SRB recycle much of the sedimentary organic carbon pool in marsh sediments (42-44) and indirectly inhibit production of the greenhouse gas methane (37, 71). They can restrict the mobility of dissolved contaminant metals by inducing precipitation of poorly soluble metal sulfides, and studies have examined their use in constructed wetlands to bioremediate acid mine drainage (AMD) and other metalliferous waste streams (11,35,40,46,50,76,90,94,104). However, the high acidity and metal concentrations inherent to AMD can inhibit SRB growth (15,88,98), and preferential growth of iron-and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria over SRB has been observed in some treatment wetlands (39).For natural salt marshes, 16S ribosomal nucleic acid-and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA)-based analyses have shown that SRB commonly comprise a significant fraction of the microbial community (13,24,31,34,51,58). Studies of salt marsh dissimilatory sulfite reductase genes (dsrAB), a highly conserved functional phylogenetic marker of pro...