“…Nurse‐midwifery care has shown its ability to improve compliance and enhance self‐esteem among women with special social problems, such as drug or alcohol abuse (4–10). The literature also suggests that CNMs are safely involved in collaborative management of women who exhibit medical and social risk factors (11–22). This demonstrated safety and effectiveness of CNM care for women at medical and social risk provides the rationale for a nurse‐midwifery‐managed HIV obstetric caseload.…”