Combination of 4-Hydroxyanisole and All-Trans Retinoic Acid Produces Synergistic Skin Depigmentation in Swine

Nair, Xina; Parab, P. V.; Suhr, Leigh; Tramposch, Kenneth M.

doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12363627

Cited by 33 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In general, retinoids are hypopigmenting agents as they induce dispersion of keratinocyte pigment granules, interference with pigment transfer, acceleration of epidermal turnover, reduction cohesiveness of corneocytes and induction of desquamation (Nair et al, 1993). Topical application tretinoin (all-trans-retinoic acid) has been reported to improve melasma and other hyperpigmentary disorders in a high percentage of patients with some side effects, such as erythema and peeling in the area of application, as well as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.…”

Section: Retinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypopigmenting agents: an updated review on biological, chemical and clinical aspects

Solano¹,

Briganti²,

Picardo³

et al. 2006

Pigment Cell Research

620

524

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SummaryAn overview of agents causing hypopigmentation in human skin is presented. The review is organized to put forward groups of biological and chemical agents. Their mechanisms of action cover (i) tyrosinase inhibition, maturation and enhancement of its degradation; (ii) Mitf inhibition; (iii) downregulation of MC1R activity; (iv) interference with melanosome maturation and transfer; (v) melanocyte loss, desquamation and chemical peeling. Tyrosinase inhibition is the most common approach to achieve skin hypopigmentation as this enzyme catalyses the rate-limiting step of pigmentation. Despite the large number of tyrosinase inhibitors in vitro, only a few are able to induce effects in clinical trials. The gap between in-vitro and in-vivo studies suggests that innovative strategies are needed for validating their efficacy and safety. Successful treatments need the combination of two or more agents acting on different mechanisms to achieve a synergistic effect. In addition to tyrosinase inhibition, other parameters related to cytotoxicity, solubility, cutaneous absorption, penetration and stability of the agents should be considered. The screening test system is also very important as keratinocytes play an active role in modulating melanogenesis within melanocytes. Mammalian skin or at least keratinocytes/melanocytes co-cultures should be preferred rather than pure melanocyte cultures or soluble tyrosinase.

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Section: Retinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypopigmenting agents: an updated review on biological, chemical and clinical aspects

Solano¹,

Briganti²,

Picardo³

et al. 2006

Pigment Cell Research

620

524

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Common examples of such agents are acids such as a-hydroxyacids, salicylic acid, linoleic acid and retinoic acids. Except for their activity on acceleration of epidermal turnover [59,60,65,[95][96][97], several of these acids have also been shown to have effect on tyrosinase. For example, a-hydroxyacids is complementing its action on desquamation with direct inhibition of tyrosinase without influencing mRNA or protein expression [65,97,98].…”

Section: Acceleration Of Epidermal Turnover and Desquamationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The melanogenesis and mechanisms of skin‐lightening agents – existing and new approaches

Gillbro¹,

Olsson²

2011

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

316

251

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SynopsisSkin-lightening products are commercially available for cosmetic purposes to obtain lighter skin complexion. Clinically, they are also used for treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders such as melasma, café au lait spot and solar lentigo. All of these target naturally melanin production, and many of the commonly used agents are known as competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase, one of the key enzymes in melanogenesis. In this review, we present an overview of commonly used skin-whitening ingredients that are commercialized, but we also hypothesize on other mechanisms that could be important targets to control skin pigmentation such as for example regulation of the adrenergic and glutaminergic signalling and also control of tetrahydrobiopterins in the human skin. Ré suméLes produits éclaircissants sont disponibles dans le commerce pour des buts cosmétiques afin d'obtenir un tient plus clair. Ils sont égale-ment utilisés en clinique, pour le traitement de troubles hyper pigmentaires comme le melasma, les taches café au lait et le lentigo solaire. Tous ces produits ont pour cible la production naturelle de mélanine et beaucoup de ceux généralement utilisés sont reconnus comme des inhibiteurs compétitifs de la tyrosinase, une des enzymes clés de la mélanogénèse. Dans cette revue, nous présentons une vue d'ensemble des ingrédients généralement utilisés et commercialisés comme blanchissant cutanés mais nous formulons aussi l'hypothèse que d'autres mécanismes pourraient être des cibles importantes pour contrôler la pigmentation de la peau comme par exemple la régula-tion du signal adrénergique et glutaminergique ou le contrôle des tetrahydrobiopterines dans la peau humaine.

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“…Retinoic acids are the most important agents in this context and act by disrupting pigment transfer, by inhibiting the dispersion of pigment granules in keratinocytes, by accelerating epidermal turnover and inducing desquamation [120]. Topical tretinoin has efficacy in treating hyperpigmentary disorders, although side effects such as erythema, peeling and PIH have been reported.…”

Section: Chemical Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modifying skin pigmentation – approaches through intrinsic biochemistry and exogenous agents

Brenner

Hearing

2008

Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms

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Rates of skin cancer continue to increase despite the improved use of traditional sunscreens to minimize damage from ultraviolet radiation. The public perception of tanned skin as being healthy and desirable, combined with the rising demand for treatments to repair irregular skin pigmentation and the desire to increase or decrease constitutive skin pigmentation, arouses great interest pharmaceutically as well as cosmeceutically. This review discusses the intrinsic biochemistry of pigmentation, details mechanisms that lead to increased or decreased skin pigmentation, and summarizes established and potential hyper-and hypo-pigmenting agents and their modes of action.

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Combination of 4-Hydroxyanisole and All-Trans Retinoic Acid Produces Synergistic Skin Depigmentation in Swine

Cited by 33 publications

References 17 publications

Hypopigmenting agents: an updated review on biological, chemical and clinical aspects

Hypopigmenting agents: an updated review on biological, chemical and clinical aspects

The melanogenesis and mechanisms of skin‐lightening agents – existing and new approaches

Modifying skin pigmentation – approaches through intrinsic biochemistry and exogenous agents

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