“…However, a number of obstacles, such as the vulnerability of dsRNA in the ambient environment and the physiological milieu (particularly in the digestive tract, e.g., the midgut) and difficulties in the uptake of dsRNA, have resulted in highly variable responses using dsRNA for the treatment of insect pests . To overcome these obstacles, various delivery vehicles, including chitosan and derivatives, − liposomes, ,− dendrimers, − linear polymers, − branched amphiphilic peptide capsules, and inorganic nanoparticles, have been reported for the transportation of dsRNA into intracellular targets. However, these delivery vehicles lack a rational spatial architectural arrangement at the nanoscale level, which is conjectured to be difficult in affording sufficient functionalities in circumventing the pre-defined barriers in the journey of RNAi delivery, consequently leading to unsatisfactory insecticidal outcomes.…”