Combination of Aronia, Red Ginseng, Shiitake Mushroom and Nattokinase Potentiated Insulin Secretion and Reduced Insulin Resistance with Improving Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Insulin Deficient Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Abstract

The combination of freeze-dried aronia, red ginseng, ultraviolet-irradiated shiitake mushroom and nattokinase (AGM; 3.4:4.1:2.4:0.1) was examined to evaluate its effects on insulin resistance, insulin secretion and the gut microbiome in a non-obese type 2 diabetic animal model. Pancreatectomized (Px) rats were provided high fat diets supplemented with either (1) 0.5 g AGM (AGM-L), (2) 1 g AGM (AGM-H), (3) 1 g dextrin (control), or (4) 1 g dextrin with 120 mg metformin (positive-control) per kg body weight for 12 weeks. AGM (1 g) contained 6.22 mg cyanidin-3-galactose, 2.5 mg ginsenoside Rg3 and 244 mg β-glucan. Px rats had decreased bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and femur and lean body mass in the hip and leg compared to the normal-control and AGM-L and AGM-H prevented the decrease. Visceral fat mass was lower in the control group than the normal-control group and its decrease was smaller with AGM-L and AGM-H. HOMA-IR was lower in descending order of the control, positive-control, AGM-L, AGM-H and normal-control groups. Glucose tolerance deteriorated in the control group and was improved by AGM-L and AGM-H more than in the positive-control group. Glucose tolerance is associated with insulin resistance and insulin secretion. Insulin tolerance indicated insulin resistance was highly impaired in diabetic rats, but it was improved in the ascending order of the positive-control, AGM-L and AGM-H. Insulin secretion capacity, measured by hyperglycemic clamp, was much lower in the control group than the normal-control group and it was improved in the ascending order of the positive-control, AGM-L and AGM-H. Diabetes modulated the composition of the gut microbiome and AGM prevented the modulation of gut microbiome. In conclusion, AGM improved glucose metabolism by potentiating insulin secretion and reducing insulin resistance in insulin deficient type 2 diabetic rats. The improvement of diabetic status alleviated body composition changes and prevented changes of gut microbiome composition.

β-glucan from Lentinula Edodes Prevents Cognitive Impairments in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice: Involvement of Colon-Brain Xxis

“…Importantly, we found that supplementation of dietary L. Edodes β-glucan prevented this shift in microbiota composition, as it signi cantly increased Bacteroides and decreased Firmicutes. Consistent with our ndings, two previous studies have shown a similar capability of L. Edodes β-glucan to alleviate the gut microbiome dysbiosis in aged mice and insulin de cient type 2 diabetic rats [18,19]. In addition, it has been reported that microbiota belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes is associated with cognition and neurodegenerative diseases [35].…”

“…It has been reported that L. edodes can be used medicinally for diseases involving hyperlipidemia, hypertension and diabetes [17]. Interestingly, two studies have reported that the supplementation of L. edodes derived β-glucan for consecutive 28 days can improve gut microbiome dysbiosis in aged mice [18], and thereby improve insulin resistance in insulin-de cient type 2 diabetic rats [19]. Moreover, a recent cross-sectional study has shown that mushroom consumption had reduced the incidence rate of mild cognitive impairment in aged individuals in Singapore [20].…”

The Role of Nutrition in the Prevention and Intervention of Type 2 Diabetes

“…A report demonstrated that pumpkin polysaccharide had the ability to ease the phenotype of T2D in rat model induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin and selectively enriched the butyric acid–producing microbiota in rat gut, which is the potential mechanism ( Liu et al, 2018 ). In a non-obese type 2 diabetic animal model, the pancreatectomized rats were provided diets supplemented with aronia, red ginseng, shiitake mushroom, and nattokinase (AGM) ( Yang et al, 2018 ). After 12 weeks’ feed, the experimental group showed enhanced insulin secretion and reduced insulin resistance, as well as improved the gut microbiome dysbiosis.…”

Acid Hydrolyzed Silk Peptide Consumption Improves Anti-Diabetic Symptoms by Potentiating Insulin Secretion and Preventing Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetic Animals

“…Furthermore, even Asians with normal BMIs are susceptible to T2DM [21]. Partially pancreatectomized rats have an insulin secretion capacity of 50-60% and islet numbers at 40-50% of normal [22,23], and are not obese. Accordingly, we chose this model to represent T2DM in Asians.…”

“…Dried cocoon hydrolysates of silkworms (Bombyx mori L.) were provided by Worldway Co. Ltd. (Sejong, Korea) and stored at −20 • C. Hydrolysates were prepared by washing the cocoons in 13-15 volumes of water and reacting with 2N HCl at 100-110 • C for 12 h. Acid hydrolyzed peptides were filtered and desalted to <0.3% at pH 5.5-7.5. Hydrolysates were then sterilized, concentrated to [20][21][22][23][24][25] Brix by low-pressure evaporation, and spray dried. Amino acid contents of silk peptides (SPs) were measured using an amino acid analyzer (L-8500; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), as described previously [5].…”