Combination of bleach and flourescent microscopy: a milestone in the diagnosis of smear negative tuberculosis

Matu, S.W.; Githui, W.A.; Muthami, L N; Makumi, J N; Ngeranwa, J.J.N.; Tunge, N; Juma, E; Karimi, Fatemeh

doi:10.4314/eamj.v84i10.9563

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…TBcide ® is a standardized chlorine-based decontaminant claimed to prevent occupational exposure when handling Mycobacterium-infected surfaces. According to the scientist who developed TBcide ® , it eliminates residual mycobacterium pathogens from surfaces, unlike many conventional disinfectants [ 27 ]; it also has the advantage of being cheaper than imported disinfectants. The product was tested in hospitals in Kenya and patented in 2008 through the Kenya Intellectual Property Institute (KIPI) [ 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turning science into health solutions: KEMRI’s challenges as Kenya’s health product pathfinder

Simiyu

Masum

Chakma

et al. 2010

BMC Int Health Hum Rights

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundA traditional pathway for developing new health products begins with public research institutes generating new knowledge, and ends with the private sector translating this knowledge into new ventures. But while public research institutes are key drivers of basic research in sub-Saharan Africa, the private sector is inadequately prepared to commercialize ideas that emerge from these institutes, resulting in these institutes taking on the role of product development themselves to alleviate the local disease burden. In this article, the case study method is used to analyze the experience of one such public research institute: the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI).DiscussionOur analysis indicates that KEMRI’s product development efforts began modestly, and a manufacturing facility was constructed with a strategy for the facility’s product output which was not very successful. The intended products, HIV and Hepatitis B diagnostic kits, had a short product life cycle, and an abrupt change in regulatory requirements left KEMRI with an inactive facility. These problems were the result of poor innovation management capacity, variability in domestic markets, lack of capital to scale up technologies, and an institutional culture that lacked innovation as a priority.However, KEMRI appears to have adapted by diversifying its product line to mitigate risk and ensure continued use of its manufacturing facility. It adopted an open innovation business model which linked it with investors, research partnerships, licensing opportunities, and revenue from contract manufacturing. Other activities that KEMRI has put in place over several years to enhance product development include the establishment of a marketing division, development of an institutional IP policy, and training of its scientists on innovation management.SummaryKEMRI faced many challenges in its attempt at health product development, including shifting markets, lack of infrastructure, inadequate financing, and weak human capital with respect to innovation. However, it overcame them through diversification, partnerships and changes in culture. The findings could have implications for other research institutes in Sub-Saharan Africa seeking to develop health products. Such institutes must analyze potential demand and uptake, yet be prepared to face the unexpected and develop appropriate risk-mitigating strategies.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turning science into health solutions: KEMRI’s challenges as Kenya’s health product pathfinder

Simiyu

Masum

Chakma

et al. 2010

BMC Int Health Hum Rights

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The choice of 3.5% bleach used in this study was because it is the most common formulation of bleach in the Kenyan market and had been successfully used in three recent studies [14,17,18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a study in Kenya [14] showed that there was increase in sensitivity of smear-negative specimens using fluorescent microscopy. Therefore, this study was carried out to establish whether use of 3.5% bleach with centrifugation will significantly increase the yield after direct microscopy is done using ZN technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Ziehl-Neelsen Microscopy: Bleach Sputum Smear Negative Specimens after Centrifugation

Matu¹,

Juma²

2013

JLS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Direct ZN (Ziehl-Neelsen) sputum smear microscopy for diagnosis of TB (tuberculosis) has low sensitivity, especially in TB/HIV co-infected patients. Sputum concentration by bleach (NaOCl) with sedimentation has been used to increase the sensitivity of sputum smear microscopy in many settings but with varying results. Objective: To determine whether bleach plus centrifugation significantly improves the detection of AFB (acid-fast bacilli) in ZN smear-negative sputum specimens. Methods: Three hundred and seventy sputum specimens were collected from new TB suspects attending a Nairobi referral district hospital and processed for direct microscopy using ZN technique and culture on Lowenstein Jensen Media. All smear-negative specimens were treated with 3.5% bleach and left to stand for 30 min before centrifugation. The bleach treated smears were processed and examined using ZN technique. Results: Of the 370 specimens, 200 (54%) were positive culture. The number of sputum samples that were smear-positive by direct ZN was 138 (37.2%), with a sensitivity of 66%. After treatment of direct ZN smear-negative specimens with 3.5% bleach and centrifugation, the total number of AFB smear-positive samples increased to 171 with an increase in sensitivity of 66% to 81.1% (15.1%). Conclusion: In this study, bleach with centrifugation significantly increased the yield of sputum smear microscopy. Further evaluation of these techniques in routine programmes is required especially in settings where the burden of TB/HIV is high.

show abstract

Enhancing Sensitivity of Ziehl-Neelsen Stain Using Sodium Hypochlorite Sedimentation Technique for Diagnosis of Undiagnosed Cases of Smear Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Chaware¹,

Ingole²,

Bahattare³

et al. 2015

Ind. Jour. of Path. and Onc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Combination of bleach and flourescent microscopy: a milestone in the diagnosis of smear negative tuberculosis

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Turning science into health solutions: KEMRI’s challenges as Kenya’s health product pathfinder

Turning science into health solutions: KEMRI’s challenges as Kenya’s health product pathfinder

Improved Ziehl-Neelsen Microscopy: Bleach Sputum Smear Negative Specimens after Centrifugation

Enhancing Sensitivity of Ziehl-Neelsen Stain Using Sodium Hypochlorite Sedimentation Technique for Diagnosis of Undiagnosed Cases of Smear Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About