Combination of gel-electromembrane extraction with switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography for the extraction and determination of antidepressants in human serum, breast milk and wastewater

Behpour, Majid; Nojavan, Saeed; Asadi, Sakine; Shokri, Ali

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461041

Cited by 50 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…More recently, Behpour et al [138] developed a gelbased electromembrane microextraction (EME) coupled with switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based liquid-liquid microextraction procedure to quantify antidepressants in breast milk, serum and wastewater samples. The technique provided growth of enrichment factor over original EME, reducing limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs); and the use of low volume of organic solvent allowed the analysis by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID), which usually cannot be performed with EME due to its aqueous acceptor phase, which is often analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) [138]. Sempio et al [139] developed an LC-MS/MS method for quantification of 12 cannabinoids in 30 samples from a clinical study and 6 samples from a breast milk bank and compared the analysis' results with ELISA immunological assay.…”

Section: Breast Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative matrices in forensic toxicology: a critical review

et al. 2021

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Purpose The use of alternative matrices in toxicological analyses has been on the rise in clinical and forensic settings. Specimens alternative to blood and urine are useful in providing additional information regarding drug exposure and analytical benefits. The goal of this paper is to present a critical review on the most recent literature regarding the application of six common alternative matrices, i.e., oral fluid, hair, sweat, meconium, breast milk and vitreous humor in forensic toxicology. Methods The recent literature have been searched and reviewed for the characteristics, advantages and limitations of oral fluid, hair, sweat, meconium, breast milk and vitreous humor and its applications in the analysis of traditional drugs of abuse and novel psychoactive substances (NPS). Results This paper outlines the properties of six biological matrices that have been used in forensic analyses, as alternatives to whole blood and urine specimens. Each of this matrix has benefits in regards to sampling, extraction, detection window, typical drug levels and other aspects. However, theses matrices have also limitations such as limited incorporation of drugs (according to physical–chemical properties), impossibility to correlate the concentrations for effects, low levels of xenobiotics and ultimately the need for more sensitive analysis. For more traditional drugs of abuse (e.g., cocaine and amphetamines), there are already data available on the detection in alternative matrices. However, data on the determination of emerging drugs such as the NPS in alternative biological matrices are more limited. Conclusions Alternative biological fluids are important specimens in forensic toxicology. These matrices have been increasingly reported over the years, and this dynamic will probably continue in the future, especially considering their inherent advantages and the possibility to be used when blood or urine are unavailable. However, one should be aware that these matrices have limitations and particular properties, and the findings obtained from the analysis of these specimens may vary according to the type of matrix. As a potential perspective in forensic toxicology, the topic of alternative matrices will be continuously explored, especially emphasizing NPS.

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Section: Breast Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative matrices in forensic toxicology: a critical review

et al. 2021

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“…Despite all the above, SHSs have not attracted the interest compared with other alternative solvents used in liquidphase microextraction techniques. First of all, in spite of employing CO 2 for the solubilization step, the subsequent pH change is normally performed with strong acids [14][15][16] or strong bases [17,18]. Second, about their safety, some SHSs (especially, those formed from secondary amines) are expected to be safer than traditional solvents in some terms like flammability or smog formation [19].…”

Section: Switchable Hydrophilicity Solventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of green alternative solvents in dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction: A review

Grau

Azorín

Benedé

et al. 2021

J of Separation Science

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Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction is one of the most widely used microextraction techniques currently in the Analytical Chemistry field, mainly due to its simplicity and rapidity. The operational mode of this approach has been constantly changing since its introduction, adapting to new trends and applications.Most of these changes are related to the nature of the solvent employed for the microextraction. From the classical halogenated solvents (e.g., chloroform or dichloromethane), different alternatives have been proposed in order to obtain safer and non-pollutants microextraction applications. In this sense, low density solvents, such as alkanols, switchable hydrophobicity solvents and ionic liquids were the first and most popular replacements for halogenated solvents, which provided similar or better results than these classical dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction solvents.However, despite the good performances obtained with low density solvents and

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“…Different analytical techniques were used to quantitatively determine CIT in aquatic samples. Among these methods are liquid chromatography (Sarıkaya et al 2021 ), gas chromatography (Behpour et al 2020 ), differential pulse voltammetry (Madej et al 2019 ), tandem mass spectrometry (Evans et al 2015 ) and capillary electrophoresis (Himmelsbach et al 2006 ). In order to avoid undesired accumulation of CIT in aquatic environments, different treatment methods were employed such as adsorption (Ek et al 2014 ; Guillossou et al 2019 ; Sharifabadi et al 2013 ), membrane bioreactor process (Arola et al 2017 ) and gamma radiation (Bojanowska-Czajka et al 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionalized SnO2 nanoparticles with gallic acid via green chemical approach for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of citalopram: synthesis, characterization and application to pharmaceutical wastewater treatment

Nazim

El-Sayed

Amer

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Eco-friendly stannic oxide nanoparticles functionalized with gallic acid (SnO2/GA NP) were synthesized and employed as a novel photocatalyst for the degradation of citalopram, a commonly prescribed antidepressant drug. SnO2/GA NP were characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements and X-ray diffraction. A validated RP-HPLC assay was developed to monitor citalopram concentration in the presence of its degradation products. Full factorial design (24) was conducted to investigate the effect of irradiation time, pH, SnO2/GA NP loading and initial citalopram concentration on the efficiency of the photodegradation process. Citalopram initial concentration was found to be the most significant parameter followed by irradiation time and pH, respectively. At optimum conditions, 88.43 ± 0.7% degradation of citalopram (25.00 µg/mL) was obtained in 1 h using UV light (1.01 mW/cm2). Citalopram kinetics of degradation followed pseudo-first order rate with Kobs and t0.5 of − 0.037 min−1 and 18.73 min, respectively. The optimized protocol was successfully applied for treatment of water samples collected during different cleaning validation cycles of citalopram production lines. The reusability of SnO2/GA NP was studied for 3 cycles without significant loss in activity. This approach would provide a green and economic alternative for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment of organic pollutants. Graphical abstract

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Combination of gel-electromembrane extraction with switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography for the extraction and determination of antidepressants in human serum, breast milk and wastewater

Cited by 50 publications

References 31 publications

Alternative matrices in forensic toxicology: a critical review

Alternative matrices in forensic toxicology: a critical review

Use of green alternative solvents in dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction: A review

Functionalized SnO2 nanoparticles with gallic acid via green chemical approach for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of citalopram: synthesis, characterization and application to pharmaceutical wastewater treatment

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