Combination of precipitation and ultrasound irradiation methods for preparation of lanthanum-modified Y zeolite nano-catalysts used in catalytic cracking of bulky hydrocarbons

Low-cost Y-type zeolite/carbon porous composite from coal gasification fine slag and its application in the phenol removal from wastewater: fabrication, characterization, equilibrium, and kinetic studies

“…The vibration peaks around 1050 and 730 cm −1 were ascribed to the asymmetric and symmetric stretching inside the TO 4 (T = Si, Al) tetrahedra. 24 The vibrational peaks near 580 cm −1 were the characteristic peaks of the double six-membered ring (D6R) of the Y-type zeolite. The presence of these characteristic peaks proved that the synthesized sample had an FAU-type zeolite skeleton structure.…”

Catalytic Upgrading of Coal Pyrolysis Gaseous Tar over Hierarchical Y-Type Zeolites Synthesized Using a Microwave Hydrothermal Method

“…The desorption peak above 400 °C is associated with strong acids . Low-temperature desorption is correlated with Lewis and weak Brønsted acid sites as well as terminal silanol groups, whereas high-temperature desorption is related to strong Brønsted and some Lewis acid sites. , The amount of acid sites of zeolite can be estimated using deconvolution and Gaussian fitting of the desorption curve. The corresponding results are presented in Table S2, which show that the presence of mesopores can reduce the number of acid sites of zeolites.…”

Development of heavy metal passivators in residue fluid catalytic cracking process

“…Passivators were introduced into the FCC catalyst structure using various methods, including precipitation, ion exchange, and impregnation [66]. There are various ways to incorporate metal traps into the structure of catalysts, such as the hydrothermal method, which introduces metal into the catalytic structure during the process of synthesis [79].…”

“…According to some reports, introducing lanthanum and cerium using an ion-exchange method is less effective than incorporating them through precipitation [66]. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) approach of introducing cerium avoided damage of zeolite by vanadium more effectively than other ways and that this method also impacted the catalyst's resistance to hydrothermal deactivation [79]. On the other hand, the hydrolysis of the RE cations or the ionic fields inside the zeolite may affect the activity of the FCC catalysts when rare-earth ions are added by ionic exchange.…”