Combination of Sambiloto (Andrographis Paniculata (BURM.F.) Nees) Extract and Spirulina (Arthrospira Platensis Gomont) to Prevent Anemia in Mice Infected With Plasmodium Berghei Anka

Abstract

Objective: Anemia in acute malaria occurs because there is massive lysis of erythrocytes as a result of an increase in parasitemia or use of drugs that may induce hemolysis. In this research, it was tested the effect of administration of a combination of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) extract and spirulina (Arthrospira platensis Gomont). This combination is aimed to obtain antiparasite activity of sambiloto and increasing of hemoglobin (Hb) from spirulina. Methods:This research was conducted with a completely randomized design using 75 mice of Swiss Webster strain. Test groups were consisted of AP, AP+ES, AP+PS, carboxymethyl cellulose, and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. All mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei on the day 0. The test material extracts were given 3 days before infection (H-3) and every day for 28 days after infection. Parasitemia data were taken on day 3, 7, 10, 15, 21, and 28, while the data for erythrocyte count and Hb level were taken on day 3, 10, and 21. Data processing was conducted using one-way ANOVA, followed by post hoc test.Results: This study showed that combination of sambiloto extract and spirulina powder (AP+PS) gave a significant difference result in suppressing the percentage of parasitemia (p=0.02), increasing the erythrocyte count (p=0.03), and Hb level (p=0.01) at the 15 th day, compared to the group given only sambiloto (AP). Conclusion:Combination of spirulina powder and sambiloto extract will decrease parasitemia and increase the number of erythrocyte and Hb in mice that infected by P. berghei.

The Effect of Sambiloto and Spirulina Combination on Mucin-1 Protein Expression in Medial Colon of Plasmodium berghei ANKA Infected Mice

“…The combination of sambiloto extract and spirulina powder in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA can inhibit parasitemia, increase the number of erythrocytes and significant hemoglobin levels compared to sambiloto monotherapy alone. 12 While in the colon, the combination of these two herbs was not significant in increasing goblet cells, but reduced Pharmacognosy Journal, Vol 13, Issue 6, Nov-Dec, 2021 inflammation and angiogenesis processes compared to sambiloto monotherapy. 14 When compared with the combination of sambiloto extract and ethanol extract of spirulina, the combination of sambiloto and spirulina powder significantly reduced parasitemia 12 , but had the same effectiveness in reducing inflammatory focus and angiogenesis in the colon of PbA-infected mice.…”

“…12 While in the colon, the combination of these two herbs was not significant in increasing goblet cells, but reduced Pharmacognosy Journal, Vol 13, Issue 6, Nov-Dec, 2021 inflammation and angiogenesis processes compared to sambiloto monotherapy. 14 When compared with the combination of sambiloto extract and ethanol extract of spirulina, the combination of sambiloto and spirulina powder significantly reduced parasitemia 12 , but had the same effectiveness in reducing inflammatory focus and angiogenesis in the colon of PbA-infected mice. 14 Therefore, the researchers are interested in examining the relationship between sambiloto and spirulina, in powder and extract, combination to the activity of Muc-1 mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA.…”

“…In the study of Kusmardi et al, the administration of sambiloto extract and spirulina powder was significantly decreased parasitemia compared to the combination of sambiloto and spirulina extract, seen from its efficacy compared to sambiloto monotherapy. 12 Both forms of this combination are effective in reducing the focus of inflammation and angiogeneis in the medial colon of PbA-infected mice. 14 In this study, the experimental administration of sambiloto and spirulina extract did not differ from the herbal monotherapy, negative control, and positive control groups because the water-soluble antioxidant content present in spirulina powder was not found in the ethanol extract of spirulina.…”

“…10 Sambiloto also acts as a mucus barrier by preventing mucus reduction in gastric ulcers. 11 Meanwhile, other herbs act as antioxidants in infections, such as Spirulina platensis, whose potential role in protecting against oxidative stress 12,13 Sambiloto and spirulina combination therapy has a potential synergistic role in malaria therapy. The combination of sambiloto extract and spirulina powder in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA can inhibit parasitemia, increase the number of erythrocytes and significant hemoglobin levels compared to sambiloto monotherapy alone.…”

Induction Effect of Microalgae Scenedesmus Dimorphus Against Hematology on Mice (Mus Musculus) Suffering Anemia Diseases

“…Anemia currently occurs in patients with hypertension, heart disease, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and thyroid patients, which is a further complication of the disease [13]. Anemia is common in acute malaria the effect of combining spirulina powder and bitter extracts reduces parasitemia because the antiparasitic activity of sambiloto and spirulina is beneficial to increase the number of erythrocytes and Hb in mice infected by Plasmodium berghei [14]. Based on the causal factors of anemia, this study was conducted to utilize S. dimorphus microalgae for anti-anemia drugs because these microalgae have nutrient content of iron, folic acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C, and DHA which can be used to cure anemia disease.…”