Combination of Superheated Steam Explosion and Alkaline Autoclaving Pretreatment for Improvement of Enzymatic Digestibility of the Oil Palm Tree Residues as Alternative Sugar Sources

Strategy to enhance the sugar production using recyclable inorganic salt for pre-treatment of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB)

“…Similarly, Abdul et al (2016) and Palamae (2017) when using pretreatment of ammonia fibre expansion and peracetic acid-alkaline peroxide achieved 44% and 34% total reducing sugar, respectively. Thamsee et al (2019) reported a comparable total reducing sugar yield (0.9 g/g) was obtained using superheated steam explosion and steam alkali. However, the delignification process used a combination of superheated steam explosion and steam alkali at high temperature which are energy intensive processes.…”

“…All verification procedures were performed in duplicates. In order to ensure that attained results were reproducible, the standard error was set to no more than 5%, revealing the reliability of the fiber analysis (Van Soest et al 1991;Lai and Idris 2013)…”

“…At higher NaOH concentration, the process occurs at atmospheric pressure and low temperature, and cellulose dissolution ensues without significant delignification. At low NaOH concentration, pre-treatment requires higher temperature (135 to 180 ○ C), pressure (0.1 to 0.6 MPa), and reaction time (2 to 12 hours) to effectively remove lignin and hemicellulose (Akhtar et al 2014: Palamae et al 2017Thamsee et al 2019). However, the use of NaOH has several disadvantages, such as it can lead to a highly violent reaction and high energy demand, as it requires a high reaction temperature and long reaction time.…”

Cocoa pod husks as potential sources of renewable high-value-added products: A review of current valorizations and future prospects

“…However, this convention is hampered by the recalcitrant nature of this plant biomass (Woiciechowski et al 2020) due to the presence of lignin and the consequent difficulty of obtaining complete enzymatic hydrolysis has led to the implementation of different pretreatment strategies (Beukes and Pletschke 2010). Pretreatment aims to modify the properties of raw materials, to remove or dissolve lignin and hemicellulose, and to reduce the crystallinity of cellulose (Thamsee et al 2019). It is performed to increase the surface accessible to hydrolytic enzymes (Wang et al 2015).…”

Optimization of the autoclave-assisted alkaline delignification of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) pod husks using KOH to maximize reducing sugars

“…As such, delignification is a key step in the process of converting lignocellulosic biomass into valuable products. It aims to destructure the lignins and disrupt the crystal structure of the cellulose and hemicellulose to increase the amorphous portion in order to increase the accessibility of the biomass to enzymatic saccharification, or acid hydrolysis, to generate fermentable monosaccharides (Thamsee et al 2019;Dąbkowska-Susfał 2020).…”