Combination of topical and oral glutathione as a skin‐whitening agent: a double‐blind randomized controlled clinical trial

Abstract

Background The antimelanogenesis effect of topical and oral glutathione has been shown in several in vitro and clinical studies. However, whether combination of topical and oral glutathione is superior to topical or oral monotherapy is unknown. This study aimed to compare the skin‐whitening effect of topical and oral glutathione combination therapy against topical and oral monotherapy. Methods This double‐blind randomized controlled study was done on 46 participants who were divided into two equal groups. Each group received oral placebo and oral glutathione, respectively. All participants were also instructed to apply topical placebo and glutathione to each facial side, respectively. Colorimeter examination was done biweekly using mexameter and chromameter for 8 weeks. One‐way ANOVA test was used to compare the results of all groups. Results The combination group showed significantly lower melanin index (MI) and L* score to placebo (P < 0.05). The mean MI and L* score of the combination group were the highest of all groups. Statistical significance of difference in L* score was reached when the combination group was compared to the oral placebo and topical glutathione group (P < 0.05). Conclusion This study showed that topical and oral glutathione were effective skin‐lightening agents. Furthermore, combination of topical and oral glutathione might be superior to monotherapy.

Medical therapies for melasma

“…The results of its efficacy to treat melasma remain variable 128–131 . Wahab et al 128 in a double‐blind randomized controlled study involving 46 subjects found glutathione an effective skin‐lightening agent and a combination of topical and oral glutathione was superior than either route used alone. Another randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial comprising 124 Asian females demonstrated significant skin‐lightening and reduction in size of facial pigmentation after oral supplementation with combination of l‐cystine and l‐glutathione 129 .…”

“…Intravenously, it is usually given in a dose of 900 mg weekly or can be repeated 2–3 times a week. The skin whitening effect usually occurs as early as 2–3 weeks 128 . However, intravenous use of glutathione as skin whitening agent remains under‐evaluated and is banned by US FDA because of commonly reported adverse effects such as skin rashes, abdominal pain that may be severe, thyroid, and renal function derangement, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis.…”

“…The results of its efficacy to treat melasma remain variable 128–131 . Wahab et al 128 in a double‐blind randomized controlled study involving 46 subjects found glutathione an effective skin‐lightening agent and a combination of topical and oral glutathione was superior than either route used alone.…”

Topical Absorption of Glutathione–Cyclodextrin Nanoparticle Complex in Healthy Human Subjects Improves Immune Response against Mycobacterium avium Infection

“…Our lab has previously demonstrated that healthy patients along with patients with HIV and Type 2 diabetes experience an increase in GSH levels, a reduction in oxidative stress, and improved immune function when GSH is carried out within liposomes and administered orally [12,13]. Topical formulations of GSH have been studied extensively on humans and animal models for their dermatological effects and exist commercially as a skin-brightening agent [14][15][16]. However, the effects of topical GSH application on modulating GSH levels and immune function have yet to be explored.…”