Combinatorial Materials Research Applied to the Development of New Surface Coatings XV: An Investigation of Polysiloxane Anti-Fouling/Fouling-Release Coatings Containing Tethered Quaternary Ammonium Salt Groups

Abstract

As part of ongoing efforts aimed at the development of extensive structure−property relationships for moisture-curable polysiloxane coatings containing tethered quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) moieties for potential application as environmental friendly coatings to combat marine biofouling, a combinatorial/high-throughput (C/HT) study was conducted that was focused on four different compositional variables. The coatings that were investigated were derived from solution blends of a silanol-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HO-PDMS-OH), QAS-functional alkoxysilane, and methyltriacetoxysilane. The compositional variables investigated were alkoxysilane functionality of the QAS-functional silane, chain length of the monovalent alkyl group attached to the QAS nitrogen atom, concentration of the QAS-functional alkoxysilane, and molecular weight of the HO-PDMS-OH. Of these variables, the composition of the alkoxysilane functionality of the QAS-functional silane was a unique variable that had not been previously investigated. The antifouling (AF) and fouling-release (FR) characteristics of the 24 unique coating compositions were characterized using HT assays based on three different marine microorganisms, namely, the two bacteria, Cellulophaga lytica and Halomonas pacifica, and the diatom, Navicula incerta. Coatings surfaces were characterized by surface energy, water contact angle hysteresis, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). A wide variety of responses were obtained over the compositional space investigated. ANOVA analysis showed that the compositional variables and their interactions significantly influenced AF/FR behaviors toward individual marine microorganisms. It was also found that utilization of the ethoxysilane-functional QASs provided enhanced AF character compared to coatings based on methoxysilane-functional analogues. This was attributed to enhanced surface segregation of QAS groups at the coating-air interface and confirmed by phase images using AFM.

Architecture, Assembly, and Emerging Applications of Branched Functional Polyelectrolytes and Poly(ionic liquid)s

“…204 Such ionic liquid nanoreactors can be used to perform chemical reactions in confined, isolated, and restricted ionic liquid geometries. 40 The interesting properties of POSS-containing oligo(ionic liquid)s such as their low melting temperature and high ion conductivity enable the use of these ionic materials as electrolytes in various electrochemical devices such as solar and fuel cells 155 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 liquids with low vapor pressure show ion conductivity with the IL component acting as a plasticizer for the polymeric membrane and assisting the charge transport ( Figure 19a).…”

“…and as ionic self-assembly platforms, IL fillers, antimicrobial additives,204,205 solvents for polysaccharides and other poorly soluble materials, surface modifiers, and carriers for heterogeneous catalysis. In addition, it was reported that the dendritic PAMAM derivatives with a POSS core and imidazolium end-functionalities are candidates for the construction of ordered networks for solid ionic conductive materials 159.…”

The impact of coating hardness on the anti-barnacle efficacy of an embedded antifouling biocide

“…Thus, the activity or bioavailability of ivermectin is obviously already present when the barnacles are juvenile and not able to depress the coating to any great extent. Tethered biocides mainly been investigated mainly for antimicrobial coatings (Green et al 2011;Kugel et al 2011), but a few studies have evaluated the concept for marine antifouling (Majumdar et al 2011;Coneski et al 2012;Imbesi et al 2012). The majority of the studies include the tethering of quaternary ammonium salts to the surface.…”

A comblike polysiloxane with pendant quaternary ammonium polyether groups: its synthesis, physical properties and antibacterial performance

“…In synthesis of quaternary ammonium siloxane (QAS) oligomer or polymers, the antibacterial ability could be improved by bonding a large amount of long alkyl quaternary ammonium groups into the molecule skeleton significantly [14][15][16][17][18]. Thus, comblike polysiloxanes [13], hyperbranched d en dr i m er s [ 14 -16 ] an d p ol yh ed r a l ol i g om e r i c silsesquioxanes (Q-POSS) [17,18] with large compact quaternary ammonium groups have become hot topics, and are designed and synthesized to mimic natural antimicrobial peptides which are used by the immune systems of living organisms to kill bacteria.…”

“…Thus, comblike polysiloxanes [13], hyperbranched d en dr i m er s [ 14 -16 ] an d p ol yh ed r a l ol i g om e r i c silsesquioxanes (Q-POSS) [17,18] with large compact quaternary ammonium groups have become hot topics, and are designed and synthesized to mimic natural antimicrobial peptides which are used by the immune systems of living organisms to kill bacteria. However, those QAS oligomer or polymers could not provide the treated fabrics with the expected soft and comfortable handle in textile finishing, though they have outstanding antibacterial capacity.…”