Combined 2.25 MHz ultrasound velocity and bone mineral density measurements in the equine metacarpus and theirin vivo applications

McCartney, R. N.; Jeffcott, L. B.

doi:10.1007/bf02447328

Cited by 34 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Early work has been carried out on metacarpals of race horses. McCartney and Jeffcott [34] as well as Langton et al [35] observed two parts of the signal and associated them with a ®rst pathway through the cortex (faster signal) on the one hand and with a second pathway through the medullary canal (slower signal). Langton and coworkers replaced bone marrow by air, thus preventing the sound from entering the medullary canal due to the impedance mismatch between bone and air.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…A similar experiment has been reported by our group for pig phalanges [36], showing the same result that a sound wave passing the medullary cavity arrives later than a wave traveling through the cortex. Based on these ®ndings McCartney and Jeffcott [34] postulated a curved pathway, while Langton and coworkers [35] reported a straight pathway in the metacarpals of race horses. Nevertheless, the experimental setups were different and it has been shown that details such as transducer diameter and the outer shape of the bone have an impact on the pathways.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Assessment of the Geometry of Human Finger Phalanges Using Quantitative Ultrasound In Vivo

Barkmann¹,

Lüsse²,

Stampa³

et al. 2000

Osteoporosis International

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) methods have been shown to be useful in the assessment of bone status. Nevertheless, ultrasound transmission depends on a variety of skeletal parameters, and a detailed understanding of ultrasound propagation through bone is important for the accurate interpretation of QUS results. In this study we wanted to elucidate the pathways of an ultrasound wave through finger phalanges and determine correlations between geometric and QUS parameters. Phalanges of a subject group were measured using QUS and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI was used for the derivation of the geometric parameters. Similar assessments were performed on cylindrical tubes and with a simulation program. New parameters related to speed of sound (SOS) and amplitude of the wave (A2P) were calculated. Strong correlations between QUS parameters and morphologic cross-sectional areas were observed in vivo and in phantoms. Similar correlations could be found in the calculations using the simulation software. Cross-sectional cortical area, medullary canal area and relative cortical area could be calculated from the QUS parameters (subjects: R2 = 0.71 for cortical area, R2 = 0.45 for medullary canal area and R2 = 0.61 for relative cortical area; phantoms: R2 = 0.98 for cortical area, R2 = 0.78 for medullary canal area and R2 = 0.77 for relative cortical area). In vivo, phantom and simulation results consistently showed that SOS was correlated with cortical area but not with medullary canal area while the opposite was found for A2P. Pathways of the ultrasound wave through solid cortical bone and the medullary canal could be identified and the propagation of the wave could be depicted. These results help to interpret QUS findings and provide information that may be helpful in improving the performance of QUS.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Assessment of the Geometry of Human Finger Phalanges Using Quantitative Ultrasound In Vivo

Barkmann¹,

Lüsse²,

Stampa³

et al. 2000

Osteoporosis International

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The assessment of equine bone by ultrasound has already been described (Pratt, 1980). However, the use of two different percutaneously applied transducers limited its usefulness (McCartney and Jeffcott, 1987; Buckingham et al, 1992) and restricted its use in horses to the distal limb (Jeffcott and McCartney, 1985). The methodology and in vivo application of the new multi‐site QUS device using a single hand‐held probe in standing, unsedated horses has recently been described (Lepage et al, 2001; Carstanjen et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine Third Metacarpal Bone Assessment by Quantitative Ultrasound and Dual Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry: An Ex vivo Study

Carstanjen

Duboeuf

Detilleux

et al. 2003

Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The purpose of this ex vivo study was to analyse two commonly established methods of mechanical bone property assessment for application in horses: Quantitative ultrasound (QUS), which depends on the bone's density and Young's modulus, and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), which depends on the areal bone mineral density (BMD). The third metacarpal bone (MC III) of horses was selected as examination region for practical reasons. An interrelationship between QUS- and DXA-values was examined. Both MC III of eleven randomly selected equine cadavers were divided in nine regions of interest (ROI). A multi-site QUS device was used for axial transmission speed of sound (SOS) measurements and a DXA device was used for BMD evaluation. Full cortical thickness BMD (FcBMD), overall aspect BMD and 4 mm cortical border slice BMD (4 mmBMD) were evaluated. In addition, each ROI of one MC III was measured 10 times to determine QUS- and DXA-measurement precision. SOS values and BMD values obtained at different aspects of MC III were different (P < 0.001). FcBMD and overall BMD obtained at different levels were different (P < 0.001). SOS data correlated with FcBMD-, overall BMD- and 4 mmBMD-data at various ROI. FcBMD-, overall BMD- and 4 mmBMD-data were strongly correlated. The intra-operator coefficient of variation was 1.3% for SOS-measurements and ranged between 1.94 and 10.3% for BMD-measurements. Multi-site axial transmission QUS as well as DXA can be used to precisely measure bone characteristics of MC III in horses. However, both techniques do not measure the same bone properties. It is therefore concluded, that QUS and DXA techniques are complementary for application in horses.

show abstract

“…The method for determining transmission ultrasound speed was reported by Jeffcott and McCartney (1985) and McCartney and Jeffcott (1987). All measurements were made at the training stables by one experienced operator.…”

Section: Ultrasound Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The uncorrected estimate of the fastest path of sound from one transducer to the other was termed 'apparent ultrasound speed'. This was corrected to provide cortical ultrasound speed by taking into account the path length of the ultrasound beam and an assumed skin thickness (McCartney and Jeffcott 1987). The method relies on measuring time of flight of ultrasound for each of two pathways; the fist via the cortex and the second through the medullary cavity As the velocity of sound in the medulla is -1500 m/sec and that in the dense cortical bone -3400 m/sec, the shortest flight time must be for the sound to travel around the cortex.…”

Section: Ultrasound Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound speed in the metacarpal cortex — a survey of 347 Thoroughbreds in training

Buckingham

McCarthy

Anderson

et al. 1992

Equine Veterinary Journal

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary Transmission ultrasound speed was determined in the third metacarpal bone of 347 Thoroughbred racehorses in training. In addition to direct measurement of apparent ultrasound speed and lateral bone diameter, several derived parameters were estimated (cortical ultrasound speed, corticomedullary ratio and cortical cross‐sectional area). Multiple regression equations were developed for each ultrasound measurement using the explanatory variables: sex, age, duration and intensity of training, preparation number and previous shin soreness. The horses (114 females, 82 entire males and 151 geldings ranging in age from 20 to 116 months) had been in continuous training for an average of 10.0 weeks when measurements were made. All measurements except corticomedullary ratio were influenced by the sex of the horse. Geldings had significantly lower ultrasound transmission speed than entire males and females, reflecting a lower bone density. However, the geldings had larger cross‐sectional areas (ie bone size). We suggest that the relationship between low ultrasound speed (ie low bone density) and large cross‐sectional area maintains the overall mechanical integrity of the metacarpus. This relationship (high ultrasound speed and low cross‐sectional area) was also found in each sex group. Ultrasound speed and corticomedullary ratio, but not cross‐sectional area, were affected by age. Both duration and intensity of training influenced the ultrasound speed measurements. This study indicated that sex, age and state of training affect ultrasound results, but this explained only about 30% of the variance in the data. Other factors, ie genetic variation in bone density and size, differences in soft tissue thickness and distal limb temperature, presumably account for most of the variance. Acknowledgements. This project was sponsored by the Australian Equine Research Foundation and partly through a special grant from the Department of Sport and Recreation of Victoria. We thank Dr C. Savage and Dr H. Davies for assistance and advice; Mrs M. Jones and Mr A. Alder for technical help with the ultrasound measurements; and the many trainers who allowed access to the horses in their care.

show abstract

Combined 2.25 MHz ultrasound velocity and bone mineral density measurements in the equine metacarpus and theirin vivo applications

Cited by 34 publications

References 11 publications

Assessment of the Geometry of Human Finger Phalanges Using Quantitative Ultrasound In Vivo

Assessment of the Geometry of Human Finger Phalanges Using Quantitative Ultrasound In Vivo

Equine Third Metacarpal Bone Assessment by Quantitative Ultrasound and Dual Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry: An Ex vivo Study

Ultrasound speed in the metacarpal cortex — a survey of 347 Thoroughbreds in training

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About