Combined aerobic and resistance training improves microcirculation in metabolic syndrome

Marini, Ettore; Mariani, Pietro; Ministrini, Stefano; Pippi, Roberto; Aiello, Cristina; Reginato, Elisa; Siepi, Donatella; Innocente, Salvatore; Lombardini, Rita; Paltriccia, Rita; Kararoudi, Meisam Naeimi; Lupattelli, Graziana; Feo, Pierpaolo De; Pasqualini, Leonella

doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.18.09077-1

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…As a place where glucose or glycogen is used, the muscle not only exerts high muscle strength, but also increases the efficiency of glucose metabolism during exercise and has the effect of increasing the basal metabolic rate. And, high muscle mass may be associated with efficient glucose uptake and lipid metabolism, along with high levels of favorable myokines, and decreased insulin resistanc [38,39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The best results are achieved when both muscle mass and strength are improved, so it is recommended to combine aerobic exercise and strength exercise to increase CRF, strength, and muscle mass. Marini et al [39] reported that 12 weeks of short-term, combined aerobic and resistance training had a positive effect in improving microvascular reactivity and glycated hemoglobin as well as increasing muscle strength in MetS patients. However, whether the effect of combined exercise is superior to that of aerobic exercise alone remains controversial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex Differences in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Based on Leg Strength, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Skeletal Muscle Mass in Elderly

Cai¹,

Kim²,

Yim³

2022

JOMH

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Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by abdominal obesity, high blood glucose, and dyslipidemia. Low fitness, muscle mass, and strength increase the risk of MetS. The characteristics of these variables are highly interrelated. This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the prevalence of MetS by combining leg strength (LSTR), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) in elderly men and women. Methods: Participants included 1420 persons aged 65-79 years (men: 753, women: 667). An isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure LSTR; CRF was evaluated by measuring maximum oxygen uptake; and ASM was assessed using bio-impedance analysis. The measured CRF, LSTR, and ASM were converted to relative values by dividing by body weight and grouped into 'high' and 'low' based on the median value. The diagnosis of MetS was based on five criteria: waist circumference, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glucose. MetS was diagnosed when the participant fulfilled 3 or more of the criteria, and odds ratios (ORs) were analyzed using logistic regression. Results: MetS was diagnosed in 32.1% and 30.3% of men and women, respectively. The relative LSTR and ASM values were significantly higher in the non-MetS group compared to those of the MetS group in both sexes. The OR for MetS in men was 3.6-fold higher in the low LSTR group, 3.5-fold higher in the low CRF group, and 2.3-fold higher in the low ASM group than in the high groups. In women, the OR for MetS increased 1.3-fold in the group with low LSTR and 3.7-fold in the group with low CRF. The OR for MetS exhibited a 3.5-fold increase in men and a 2.4-fold increase in women for combined low LSTR and low ASM compared to those of the combined high LSTR and high ASM group. Despite high ASM, the OR for MetS was a 3.5-fold higher in men and a 3.9-fold in women for low LSTR and low CRF group. Conclusions:The prevalence of MetS increased in elderly with relatively decreased LSTR, ASM and decreased CRF. Furthermore, the prevalence of MetS is increased when both LSTR and ASM are low despite high CRF. In addition, even if ASM was low, the risk of metabolic syndrome did not increase when both CRF and LSTR were high. In conclusion, when two or more of the three variables CRF, LSTR, and ASM were low, the prevalence of MetS increased.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Based on Leg Strength, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Skeletal Muscle Mass in Elderly

Cai¹,

Kim²,

Yim³

2022

JOMH

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“…Exercise is an effective non-medical intervention for the management of metabolic syndrome and DM2 [ 3 , 4 ]. In fact, aerobic exercise is the most studied type of exercise and most prescribed in people with common non-communicable chronic diseases, and it has shown to elicit beneficial effects in metabolic, Hb1Ac, body weight and insulin resistance control, also improving fat distribution and microcirculatory function [ 5 , 6 ], with a major effect achieved when combined with resistance training [ 7 , 8 ]. Moreover, aerobic exercise is able to lower the risk of DM2-related complications, such as diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a Supervised Nordic Walking Program on Obese Adults with and without Type 2 Diabetes: The C.U.R.I.A.Mo. Centre Experience

Pippi

Blasio

Aiello

et al. 2020

JFMK

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Exercise is a convenient non-medical intervention, commonly recommended in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (DM2) managements. Aerobic exercise and aerobic circuit training have been shown to be able to reduce the risk of developing DM2-related complications. Growing literature proves the usefulness of Nordic walking as exercise therapy in different disease populations, therefore it has a conceivable use in DM2 management. Aims of this study were to analyze and report the effects of two different supervised exercises (gym-based exercise and Nordic walking) on anthropometric profile, blood pressure values, blood chemistry and fitness variables in obese individuals with and without DM2. In this study, 108 obese adults (aged 45–65 years), with or without DM2, were recruited and allocated into one of four subgroups: (1) Gym-based exercise program (n = 49) or (2) Nordic walking program (n = 37) for obese adults; (3) Gym-based exercise program (n = 10) or (4) Nordic walking program (n = 12) for obese adults with DM2. In all exercise subgroups, statistically significant improvements in body weight, body mass index, fat mass index, muscular flexibility and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) were observed. Moreover, a higher percentage of adherence to the gym-based program compared to Nordic walking was recorded. Our findings showed that, notwithstanding the lower adherence, a supervised Nordic walk is effective as a conventional gym-based program to improve body weight control, body composition parameters, muscular flexibility and VO2 max levels in obese adults with and without type 2 diabetes.

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“…In the present systematic review, only a single trial assessed and found that a moderate exercise training intervention led to concomitant improvement in peripheral microcirculation and circulating EPCs in CHF patients (Mezzani et al 2013 ), which possibly suggest that circulating EPCs play a healing role to the injured endothelium at the microcirculatory level. More research is warranted about the link between circulating EPCs and microcirculation during exercise interventions that implement different modalities, intensities and durations given that combined (resistance and aerobic) exercise or increased exercise frequency enhances microcirculation in CAD and MetS patients respectively (Borges et al 2018 ; Marini et al 2019 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of different forms of exercise on circulating endothelial progenitor cells in cardiovascular and metabolic disease

et al. 2022

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Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to vascular repair and their monitoring could have prognostic clinical value. Exercise is often prescribed for the management of cardiometabolic diseases, however, it is not fully understood how it regulates EPCs. Objectives: to systematically examine the acute and chronic effects of different exercise modalities on circulating EPCs in patients with cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Methods: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines were followed. Results: six electronic databases and reference lists of eligible studies were searched to April 2021. Thirty-six trials met the inclusion criteria including 1731 participants. Acute trials: in chronic heart failure (CHF), EPC mobilisation was acutely increased after high intensity interval or moderate intensity continuous exercise training, while findings were inconclusive after a cardiopulmonary cycling exercise test. Maximal exercise tests acutely increased EPCs in ischaemic or revascularized coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. In peripheral arterial disease (PAD), EPC levels increased up to 24 h post-exercise. In patients with compromised metabolic health, EPC mobilisation was blunted after a single exercise session. Chronic trials: in CHF and acute coronary syndrome, moderate intensity continuous protocols, with or without resistance exercise or calisthenics, increased EPCs irrespective of EPC identification phenotype. Findings were equivocal in CAD regardless of exercise mode, while in severe PAD disease EPCs increased. High intensity interval training increased EPCs in hypertensive metabolic syndrome and heart failure reduced ejection fraction. Conclusion: the clinical condition and exercise modality influence the degree of EPC mobilisation and magnitude of EPC increases in the long term. Graphical abstract

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Combined aerobic and resistance training improves microcirculation in metabolic syndrome

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Sex Differences in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Based on Leg Strength, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Skeletal Muscle Mass in Elderly

Sex Differences in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Based on Leg Strength, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Skeletal Muscle Mass in Elderly

Effects of a Supervised Nordic Walking Program on Obese Adults with and without Type 2 Diabetes: The C.U.R.I.A.Mo. Centre Experience

The impact of different forms of exercise on circulating endothelial progenitor cells in cardiovascular and metabolic disease

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