Combined algal processing: A novel integrated biorefinery process to produce algal biofuels and bioproducts

Dong, Tao; Knoshaug, Eric P.; Davis, Ryan; Laurens, Lieve M.L.; Wychen, Stefanie Van; Pienkos, Philip T.; Nagle, Nick

doi:10.1016/j.algal.2015.12.021

Cited by 196 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In the CAP [176], only 2.3 MJ/kg dry biomass of energy is needed to heat up the concentrated slurry (25%). It should also be pointed out that partial energy for heating can be recycled via heat exchanging systems after the pretreatment, and therefore, similar to subcritical water hydrolysis, in an integrated industrial application the actual energy consumption for chemical hydrolysis under elevated temperature will be even lower than the values obtained from a batch reaction.…”

Section: Chemical Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An improvement on this approach was recently published that eliminates the need for solid/liquid separations to extract the lipids from the cell debris. This process, termed Combined Algal Processing (CAP) [176], involves the direct transfer of pretreated algal slurry into a fermenter for ethanol production. After fermentation, the ethanol is recovered by distillation and the lipids are extracted by hexane from the stillage.…”

Section: Chemical Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lipid recovery from wet oleaginous microbial biomass for biofuel production: A critical review

et al. 2016

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h i g h l i g h t sChallenges in industrial lipid extraction processes were illustrated. Lipid recovery from wet biomass was critically reviewed in the context of biofuel productions. Cell wall disruption technologies were critically reviewed and compared. a b s t r a c tBiological lipids derived from oleaginous microorganisms are promising precursors for renewable biofuel productions. Direct lipid extraction from wet cell-biomass is favored because it eliminates the need for costly dehydration. However, the development of a practical and scalable process for extracting lipids from wet cell-biomass is far from ready to be commercialized, instead, requiring intensive research and development to understand the lipid accessibility, mechanisms in mass transfer and establish robust lipid extraction approaches that are practical for industrial applications. This paper aims to present a critical review on lipid recovery in the context of biofuel productions with special attention to cell disruption and lipid mass transfer to support extraction from wet biomass.

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Section: Chemical Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemical Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid recovery from wet oleaginous microbial biomass for biofuel production: A critical review

et al. 2016

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“…(Merchuk et al, 2000); Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Reis et al, 1996;Acien Fernandez et al, 2003) and Scenedesmus sp. (El-Sayed et al, 2001;El-Sayed, 2007;El-Sayed et al, 2008;Abomohra et al, 2014;Dong et al, 2016;El-Sheekh et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outdoor Cultivation of Spirulina platensis for Mass Production

El-Sayed

El‐Sheekh

2018

Not Sci Biol

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In the present study, the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis (NRC) was used for mass production under outdoor cultivation in three open ponds with a final capacity of 75 m 3 net cultivation volume. Subculturing was performed within sequences and gradual volumes till 1,200 L open plate photobioreactor. The first and second ponds (30 cm depth) were used for the actual continuous production, while the third pond (80 cm depth) was used as a continuous inoculum supplier. In spite of low turbulence of the third pond due to high depth, all ponds had the same mechanical specification concerning paddle wheel structure and turbulence rate (16 rpm). A final nutrient concentration was employed based on Zarrouk medium by commercial grade compounds with some modifications. The nutrition was performed for the third pond by extra supplementation of extra doses of macro and micro-nutrients during the production period and dilution took place when culture was transferred to production ponds (first and second). Each production pond was harvested every 48 hours and the remainder water was return again into the third pond. The harvested pond yielded about 40 kg per day of fresh algal weight containing about 85% moisture on a dry weight basis. The results proved that using urea as nitrogen and carbon source with corn steam liquor instead of sodium nitrate and low bicarbonate, reduces production cost and supports growth medium by an adequate amount of carbon dioxide on the expense of the luxury use of sodium bicarbonate (16.8 g.l -1 ). Chemical analysis of the produced biomass showed 58-62% crude protein, 6-8% of ether extract and 8-11% of total carbohydrates. S. platensis contained total essential amino acids (131.3 mg/g), with a predominance of arginine followed by glutamic acid, leucine and phenylalanine.

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“…Therefore, an integrated biorefinery process for ALU pathway was established [6]. The second technique is via the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) pathway that produces a water-insoluble bio-crude oil by using treatments at high pressure (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) and at the temperature range of 250-450°C [7,8]. Other techniques, such as pyrolysis [9] and gasification [10,11], were also applied for converting algae to biofuels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This approach was further improved by combining with a biological conversion route that converts carbohydrates in algae to ethanol. Therefore, an integrated biorefinery process for ALU pathway was established [6]. The second technique is via the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) pathway that produces a water-insoluble bio-crude oil by using treatments at high pressure (5-20 MPa) 57 and at the temperature range of 250-450°C [7,8].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Standards and Protocols for Characterization of Algae-Based Biofuels

Yang

Zhang²,

Cui³

et al. 2016

Tr Ren Energy

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Recently, algae have been considered as the third-generation biofuel feedstock, which can be converted to the precursor chemicals of drop-in fuels via either the algal lipid upgrading (ALU) pathway or the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) pathway. These precursors could be further processed and upgraded to fuels. This article reviews the standards and protocols that are suitable for characterization of drop-in algal biofuels. Applicable ASTM standards and European standards (EN) were summarized. The protocols that have been used by researches and the National Institute of Standards and Technology were also introduced. Keywords: Algae-Based Biofuels; ASTM Standards; European Standards (EN); Drop-in Algal Biofuel; Algal Lipid Upgrading (ALU); Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) IntroductionAlgae are a big variety of photosynthetic organisms, while microalgae are prokaryotic or eukaryotic photosynthetic microorganisms that can grow rapidly and live in harsh conditions due to their unicellular or simple multicellular structure. It is estimated that more than 50,000 species exist, but only a limited number of algal species have been studied and analyzed [1]. Microalgae have the ability to mitigate greenhouse gases, and some species can accumulate oil with a high productivity, thereby having the potential for applications in producing the third-generation of biofuels [2].During the past decade, government agencies and the private sector had shown tremendous interests in algae related studies. Thus, the algal technologies for biofuels production have been greatly advanced [3]. The algal biofuel production cost was significantly reduced, and the advanced process options for the conversion of algal biomass into biofuels and bioproducts have been developed [4]. Currently, there are two approaches that were suggested by the US Department of Energy as the promising technologies for algal biomass conversion. The first approach is call the algal lipid upgrading (ALU) pathway, in which algal oils are extracted from the biomass via highpressure homogenization with hexane [5]. This approach was further improved by combining with a biological conversion route that converts carbohydrates in algae to ethanol. Therefore, an integrated biorefinery process for ALU pathway was established [6]. The second technique is via the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) pathway that produces a water-insoluble bio-crude oil by using treatments at high pressure (5-20 MPa) 57 and at the temperature range of 250-450°C [7,8]. Other techniques, such as pyrolysis [9] and gasification [10,11], were also applied for converting algae to biofuels. However, these techniques have not been extensively studied yet, because of their inherent problems.The products from ALU and HTL are crude algal oil and bio-crude oil, respectively. Due to the low selectivity of two pathways, both products contain impurities like heteroatoms, oxygenated compounds, and nitrogenated compounds. In order to synthesize algae-based drop-in fuels, it requires upgrading processes (such as crackin...

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Combined algal processing: A novel integrated biorefinery process to produce algal biofuels and bioproducts

Cited by 196 publications

References 25 publications

Lipid recovery from wet oleaginous microbial biomass for biofuel production: A critical review

Lipid recovery from wet oleaginous microbial biomass for biofuel production: A critical review

Outdoor Cultivation of Spirulina platensis for Mass Production

Standards and Protocols for Characterization of Algae-Based Biofuels

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