“…[21] The complex refractive index m of bio-smoke materials in the 0.25-14 µm waveband can be calculated by using the spectral reflectance of materials and the Kramers-Kroning algorithm, [22][23][24][25] as mentioned in our previous work. [17,18,26] The spectral reflectance of bio-smoke material tablets in the waveband from 0.25 µm to 2.5 µm was measured by applying the U-4100 spectrophotometer (Hitachi U-4100, Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) for UV, visible (Vis) light, and near infrared (NIR). And the spectral reflectance in 2.5 µm to 14 µm was measured by a Fourier infrared spectrometer (MAGNA-IR 750, Nicolet Instrument Co., USA) with a matched microscope (Continuµm, Nicolet Instrument Co., USA), as shown in Figs.…”