Combined biological and abiotic reactions with iron and Fe(iii)-reducing microorganisms for remediation of explosives and insensitive munitions (IM)

Abstract

Military explosives and insensitive munitions (IM) are a significant hazard to all natural and engineered environments.

Combined Biotic–Abiotic 2,4-Dinitroanisole Degradation in the Presence of Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine

“…Ferrous iron also reduced DNAN at pH 8 and 9, but the rates were generally similar to the experimental timeframes sampled irrespective of pH or starting ferrous iron concentration (Figures , S2, and S3). These data are consistent with previous results, which were sampled more frequently; therefore, the sampling times selected for these experiments did not artificially impact the data generated. ,, The critical point is that RDX did not interfere with ferrous iron-mediated DNAN reduction.…”

“…These data are consistent with previous results, which were sampled more frequently; therefore, the sampling times selected for these experiments did not artificially impact the data generated. 20,35,36 The critical point is that RDX did not interfere with ferrous iron-mediated DNAN reduction.…”

Assessment of 2,4-Dinitroanisole Transformation Using Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis After in Situ Chemical Reduction of Iron Oxides

“…Several approaches have been evaluated to enhance the availability of reactive Fe(II) including biostimulation, 7,8 bioaugmentation, 9,10 additions of external electron donors (i.e., in situ chemical reduction; ISCR) including dithionite, 11,12 polysulfides, 13 and (sulfidized) ZVI, 14,15 and combinations thereof. 16 To date, several of these strategies have been successfully applied to a number of environmental contaminants including heavy metals 12,17,18 and chlorinated solvents. 14,19,20 One major challenge when applying an in situ (bio)remediation technique is providing a reliable evaluation of performance; it is difficult to quantify the amount of transformed contaminants from concentration measurements alone.…”

Environmental Fate of 14C Radiolabeled 2,4-Dinitroanisole in Soil Microcosms

“…6, 7 Besides adsorption, DNAN is readily (bio)transformed in anaerobic conditions by indigenous soil microorganisms as well as by abiotic processes. 6, 8 The main transformation route is nitro-group reduction to aromatic amines, stimulated by electron donating amendments 9 , as well as anaerobic conditions. 6 During nitroreduction, the initially formed nitroso reactive intermediates, can condense with the secondarily formed amino groups to form azo-dimers.…”