Combined Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Vitamin D3 on Oxidized LDL-C and Non–HDL-C Levels in People With Vitamin D Deficiency: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

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Omega-3 fatty acids and individual variability in plasma triglyceride response: A mini-review

“…Nonetheless, oxidized fish oil may have a detrimental effect on the concentration of LDL subclasses [ 15 ]. Contrary to the concern about omega-3 fatty acids’ detrimental effect on oxidative stress, intake of omega-3 fatty acids, in particular EPA, may protect against oxidation of LDL [ [16] , [17] , [18] ].…”

Vitamin D3 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A New Approach for Cardiovascular Prevention

“…The authors demonstrated that a high dose of vitamin D3 supplement alone or in a combination with omega-3 fatty acid at 10 weeks of follow-up significantly increased non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreased serum Ox-LDL-C levels in people with VDD. 8 Although the authors demonstrate that the combination of vitamin D3 and omega-3 fatty acid specifically reduce ox-LDL, the mechanism of action needs further clarification. In particular, the inflammatory state and oxidative stress have a fundamental role in CVDs, such as atherosclerotic process; (2) downregulating endothelial ICAM expression; (3) increasing nuclear respiratory factor 2 (Nrf2) expression, which is a key transcriptional factor that suppresses ROS production from various sources, inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production, and upregulates the expression of antioxidative enzymes;…”

“…In this issue of the Journal, Mehdawi et al 8 reported a randomized clinical trial conducted on Jordanian participants with VDD with no other medical conditions, to evaluate the combined effect of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 and omega-3 fatty acid supplements (D+) on Ox-LDL and non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, which are established predictors of cardiovascular disease. Participants were randomized into 4 groups as follows: (1) a control group (C) that received no supplementations; (2) a group that received 50,000 IU of vitamin D3 every week; (3) an omega-3 fatty acid group that received 300 mg of omega-3 fatty acid every day; and (4) a group that received a combination of both supplements, with the same dosage administered by the previous groups.…”

“…The authors demonstrated that a high dose of vitamin D3 supplement alone or in a combination with omega-3 fatty acid at 10 weeks of follow-up significantly increased non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreased serum Ox-LDL-C levels in people with VDD. 8…”