Combined effects of CO2 level, light intensity, and nutrient availability on the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi

Zhang, Yong; Fu, Fei-Xue; Hutchins, David A.; Gao, Kunshan

doi:10.1007/s10750-019-04031-0

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Emiliania strains that have different calcifying capacities have different transport abilities for CO 2 and bicarbonate (Elzenga et al, 2000;Paasche, 2001;Stojkovic et al, 2013). The capacity of the strain used in this work to calcify has declined during longterm laboratory culture compared to that previously reported by another study (Sett et al, 2014), but is comparable with data reported by Jin et al (2017) and Zhang et al (2019) for the same strain. It has been suggested that low-calcifying strains are less efficient in utilizing bicarbonate for assimilation (Nimer and Merrett, 1992;Rost et al, 2003), though Stojkovic et al (2013) showed the opposite with a greater proportion of DIC uptake from bicarbonate in low-calcifying strains and CO 2 use only being more predominant in high-calcifying strains where bicarbonate is directed more to calcification.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Lower Salinity Leads to Improved Physiological Performance in the Coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi, Which Partly Ameliorates the Effects of Ocean Acidification

Sun

Beardall

et al. 2020

Front. Mar. Sci.

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While seawater acidification induced by elevated CO 2 is known to impact coccolithophores, the effects in combination with decreased salinity caused by sea ice melting and/or hydrological events have not been documented. Here we show the combined effects of seawater acidification and reduced salinity on growth, photosynthesis and calcification of Emiliania huxleyi grown at 2 CO 2 concentrations (low CO 2 LC:400 µatm; high CO 2 HC:1000 µatm) and 3 levels of salinity (25, 30, and 35). A decrease of salinity from 35 to 25 increased growth rate, cell size and photosynthetic performance under both LC and HC. Calcification rates were relatively insensitive to salinity though they were higher in the LC-grown compared to the HCgrown cells at 25 salinity, with insignificant differences under 30 and 35. Since salinity and OA treatments did not show interactive effects on calcification, changes in calcification:photosynthesis ratios are attributed to the elevated photosynthetic rates at lower salinities, with higher ratios of calcification to photosynthesis in the cells grown under 35 compared with those grown at 25. In contrast, photosynthetic carbon fixation increased almost linearly with decreasing salinity, regardless of the pCO 2 treatments. When subjected to short-term exposure to high light, the low-salinitygrown cells showed the highest photochemical effective quantum yield with the highest repair rate, though the HC treatment enhanced the PSII damage rate. Our results suggest that, irrespective of pCO 2 , at low salinity Emiliania huxleyi up-regulates its photosynthetic performance which, despite a relatively insensitive calcification response, may help it better adapt to future ocean global environmental changes, including ocean acidification, especially in the coastal areas of high latitudes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Lower Salinity Leads to Improved Physiological Performance in the Coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi, Which Partly Ameliorates the Effects of Ocean Acidification

Sun

Beardall

et al. 2020

Front. Mar. Sci.

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“…Their exceptional response is also supported by the significant contribution to the effect size heterogeneity. Previous laboratory studies on the effects of ocean acidification on coccolithophores confirm the higher sensitivity of this group, but also reveal variable response patterns depending on the choice of species and experimental conditions (e.g., Hoppe et al, 2011; Iglesias‐Rodriguez et al., 2008; Langer et al., 2006; Riebesell et al., 2000; Zhang et al, 2019). The response of coccolithophores (and supposedly also other phytoplankton groups) to increasing p CO 2 is significantly shaped by morphological parameters like cell size (Müller et al, 2017), the mode of carbon acquisition (Beardall & Raven, 2020; Kottmeier et al, 2016b), the ability to maintain pH homeostasis (Gafar et al, 2019; Taylor et al, 2011), and of course how other environmental drivers modulate the response (see Section 4.2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Meta‐analysis of multiple driver effects on marine phytoplankton highlights modulating role ofpCO₂

Seifert

Rost

Trimborn

et al. 2020

Global Change Biology

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Responses of marine primary production to a changing climate are determined by a concert of multiple environmental changes, for example in temperature, light, pCO 2 , nutrients, and grazing. To make robust projections of future global marine primary production, it is crucial to understand multiple driver effects on phytoplankton. This meta-analysis quantifies individual and interactive effects of dual driver combinations on marine phytoplankton growth rates. Almost 50% of the single-species laboratory studies were excluded because central data and metadata (growth rates, carbonate system, experimental treatments) were insufficiently reported. The remaining data (42 studies) allowed for the analysis of interactions of pCO 2 with temperature, light, and nutrients, respectively. Growth rates mostly respond non-additively, whereby the interaction with increased pCO 2 profusely dampens growth-enhancing effects of high temperature and high light. Multiple and single driver effects on coccolithophores differ from other phytoplankton groups, especially in their high sensitivity to increasing pCO 2. Polar species decrease their growth rate in response to high pCO 2 , while temperate and tropical species benefit under these conditions. Based on the observed interactions and projected changes, we anticipate primary productivity to: (a) first increase but eventually decrease in the Arctic Ocean once nutrient limitation outweighs the benefits of higher light availability; (b) decrease in the tropics and mid-latitudes due to intensifying nutrient limitation, possibly amplified by elevated pCO 2 ; and (c) increase in the Southern Ocean in view of higher nutrient availability and synergistic interaction with increasing pCO 2. Growth-enhancing effect of high light and warming to coccolithophores, mainly Emiliania huxleyi, might increase their relative abundance as long as not offset by acidification. Dinoflagellates are expected to increase their relative abundance due to their positive growth response to increasing pCO 2 and light levels. Our analysis reveals gaps in the knowledge on multiple driver responses and provides recommendations for future work on phytoplankton.

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“…Many studies have demonstrated the sensitivity of phytoplankton to UVB, causing declines in both growth and photosynthesis (Cullen and Lesser, 1991;Helbling et al, 1992;Smith et al, 1992;Neale et al, 1994;Nilawati et al, 1997;Gao et al, 2007a,b;Guan and Gao, 2010;Li Y. et al, 2012;Cai et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2019). However, only a handful of studies have specifically examined Pseudo-nitzschia sp.…”

Section: P Multiseries Growth Under Uvb Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions Between Ultraviolet B Radiation, Warming, and Changing Nitrogen Source May Reduce the Accumulation of Toxic Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Biomass in Future Coastal Oceans

Kelly

Jiang

et al. 2021

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Understanding the environmental conditions that trigger Pseudo-nitzschia bloom formation and domoic acid (DA) production is critical as the frequency and severity of these toxic blooms increases in the face of anthropogenic change. However, predicting the formation of these harmful blooms in a future ocean remains a challenge. Previous studies have examined the effects of single environmental drivers on Pseudo-nitzschia spp. growth and toxin production, but few have considered the interactions between them. In this multiple driver study with Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, we used a full factorial matrix experimental design to examine the simultaneous effects of temperature (20 and 25°C), nitrogen source (nitrate and urea), and irradiance (photosynthetically active radiation with and without ultraviolet B radiation; UVB). This strain of P. multiseries was unable to withstand prolonged exposures (>0.5 h) to 0.06 mw⋅cm–2 UVB light, with implications for near-surface bloom formation if future shallower mixed layers increase UVB exposure. Growth rates were inhibited by UVB, but photosynthesis and carbon fixation continued at a reduced capacity. Additionally, DA synthesis continued despite UVB-induced growth inhibition. Warming by 5°C enhanced cellular DA quotas three-fold. Within these warmer treatments, urea-grown cultures exposed to UVB had the highest amount of DA per cell, suggesting that interactive effects between UVB exposure, warming, and urea can synergistically enhance toxin production. However, overall production of toxic biomass was low, as growth-integrated DA production rates were near zero. This indicates that although Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries cell-specific toxicity could worsen in an anthropogenically-altered future ocean, bloom formation may be inhibited by increased exposure to UVB. This multi-variable experimental approach revealed previously unknown interactions that could not have been predicted based on combined effects of single-variable experiments. Although P. multiseries DA production may be enhanced in a future ocean, inherent sensitivity to prolonged UVB exposure may moderate trophic transfer of toxin to coastal food webs.

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Combined effects of CO2 level, light intensity, and nutrient availability on the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi

Cited by 15 publications

References 64 publications

Lower Salinity Leads to Improved Physiological Performance in the Coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi, Which Partly Ameliorates the Effects of Ocean Acidification

Lower Salinity Leads to Improved Physiological Performance in the Coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi, Which Partly Ameliorates the Effects of Ocean Acidification

Meta‐analysis of multiple driver effects on marine phytoplankton highlights modulating role ofpCO₂

Interactions Between Ultraviolet B Radiation, Warming, and Changing Nitrogen Source May Reduce the Accumulation of Toxic Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Biomass in Future Coastal Oceans

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Combined effects of CO2 level, light intensity, and nutrient availability on the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi

Cited by 15 publications

References 64 publications

Lower Salinity Leads to Improved Physiological Performance in the Coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi, Which Partly Ameliorates the Effects of Ocean Acidification

Lower Salinity Leads to Improved Physiological Performance in the Coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi, Which Partly Ameliorates the Effects of Ocean Acidification

Meta‐analysis of multiple driver effects on marine phytoplankton highlights modulating role ofpCO2

Interactions Between Ultraviolet B Radiation, Warming, and Changing Nitrogen Source May Reduce the Accumulation of Toxic Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Biomass in Future Coastal Oceans

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Meta‐analysis of multiple driver effects on marine phytoplankton highlights modulating role ofpCO₂