Combined effects of copper, nickel, and zinc on growth of a freshwater mussel (Villosa iris) in an environmentally relevant context

Bioaccumulation, Release and Genotoxicity of Stainless-Steel Particles in Marine Bivalve Molluscs

“…However, levels observed in the filtered samples in the present study, as either colloids or ions, are well below toxic concentrations in aquatic systems, and the oxidation state of Cr (III) derived from corroding stainless steel is not as harmful as the higher oxidation state (VI) (Walsh and O'Halloran, 1997). Specifically, maximum measured filterable concentrations for Fe, Cr, Ni, Mo and Mn are 28, 3.0, 2.2, 3.8 and 0.8 μg L − 1 , respectively, while toxic responses to mussels from these and more toxic metals are observed at concentrations at least an order of magnitude greater (Kraak et al, 1994;Timpano et al, 2022). There may be some additional, localised solubilisation in the mildly acidic guts of the mussel (Griscom and Fisher, 2004) but any dissolution does not appear to cause any genotoxic response.…”