Combined effects of exercise training and high doses of anabolic steroids on cardiac autonomic modulation and ventricular repolarization properties in rats

Marocolo, Moacir; Katayama, Pedro L.; Meireles, Anderson; Neto, Octávio Barbosa

doi:10.1139/cjpp-2019-0286

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…This was referenced in a case report published by Lichtenfeld et al of an AS user who died of ventricular fibrillation [48]. In 2019, Marocolo et al concluded that AS is associated with cardiac autonomic dysfunction and ventricular repolarization, and reflected an increase in QT interval [49].…”

Section: Sudden Cardiac Death and Asmentioning

confidence: 93%

Anabolic Steroids and Cardiovascular Outcomes: The Controversy

Perry¹,

Schuetz²,

Memon³

et al. 2020

Cureus

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Anabolic steroids (AS) are synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone. The use of AS is not limited to bodybuilders and athletes, but non-athletes also use them. It is used to enhance athletic performance, induce muscle hypertrophy, and augment male sexual characteristics. AS use is associated with a wide range of side effects and potential cardiovascular complications. In this article, we have searched the available literature to investigate the association between AS use and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The results revealed that AS was linked to lipid metabolism derangements, hypertension, coagulation disorders, and cardiomyopathy. We concluded, based on the relevant data, that there was evidence that suggests an association with CVD, primarily myocardial infarction, fatal arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy in AS users. The general population should be informed of the risk. Also, methods of primary and secondary prevention should be implemented to mitigate the risk of CVD secondary to AS.

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Section: Sudden Cardiac Death and Asmentioning

confidence: 93%

Anabolic Steroids and Cardiovascular Outcomes: The Controversy

Perry¹,

Schuetz²,

Memon³

et al. 2020

Cureus

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“…Dos Santos et al [ 13 ] supported a relationship between AAS use in athletes and imbalance in autonomic control of both the periphery and the heart. In experimental studies, chronic high-dose AAS administration in rats caused impairment of parasympathetic cardiac modulation, decreased HF power, and HRV [ 9 , 10 , 36 ]. It was supported that cardiac autonomic dysfunction caused by AAS use may induce arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death [ 10 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Especially for the effects of AAS on athletes’ cardiac autonomic nervous system, studies are minimal, and the results are controversial. It is argued that their administration increases the action of the sympathetic nervous system and reduces the vagal tone [ 8 , 9 ]. Thus, an imbalance of the two limbs of the autonomic nervous system occurs, which is proven by the alterations of the heart rate variability (HRV) indices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction, Reduced Baroreflex Sensitivity, and Cardiac Autonomic Imbalance in Anabolic–Androgenic Steroid Users

Kouidi

Καλτσάτου

Anifanti

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The effects of androgen anabolic steroids (AAS) use on athletes’ cardiac autonomic activity in terms of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and heart rate variability (HRV) have not yet been adequately studied. Furthermore, there is no information to describe the possible relationship between the structural and functional cardiac remodeling and the cardiac autonomic nervous system changes caused by AAS abuse. Thus, we aimed to study the effects of long-term AAS abuse on cardiac autonomic efficacy and cardiac adaptations in strength-trained athletes. In total, 80 strength-trained athletes (weightlifters and bodybuilders) participated in the study. Notably, 40 of them using AAS according to their state formed group A, 40 nonuser strength-trained athletes comprised group B, and 40 healthy nonathletes (group C) were used as controls. All subjects underwent a head-up tilt test using the 30 min protocol to evaluate the baroreflex sensitivity and short HRV modulation. Furthermore, all athletes undertook standard echocardiography, a cardiac tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) study, and a maximal spiroergometric test on a treadmill to estimate their maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max). The tilt test results showed that group A presented a significantly lower BRS and baroreflex effectiveness index than group B by 13.8% and 10.7%, respectively (p < 0.05). Regarding short-term HRV analysis, a significant increase was observed in sympathetic activity in AAS users. Moreover, athletes of group A showed increased left ventricular (LV) mass index (LVMI) by 8.9% (p < 0.05), compared to group B. However, no difference was found in LV ejection fraction between the groups. TDI measurements indicated that AAS users had decreased septal and lateral peak E’ by 38.0% (p < 0.05) and 32.1% (p < 0.05), respectively, and increased E/E’ by 32.0% (p < 0.05), compared to group B. This LV diastolic function alteration was correlated with the year of AAS abuse. A significant correlation was established between BRS depression and LV diastolic impairment in AAS users. Cardiopulmonary test results showed that AAS users had significantly higher time to exhaustion by 11.0 % (p < 0.05) and VO2max by 15.1% (p < 0.05), compared to controls. A significant correlation was found between VO2max and LVMI in AAS users. The results of the present study indicated that long-term AAS use in strength-trained athletes led to altered cardiovascular autonomic modulations, which were associated with indices of early LV diastolic dysfunction.

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Cardiovascular effects of doping substances, commonly prescribed medications and ergogenic aids in relation to sports: a position statement of the sport cardiology and exercise nucleus of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology

Adami

Κουτλιάνος

Baggish

et al. 2022

European Journal of Preventive Cardiology

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The use of substances and medications with potential cardiovascular effects among those practicing sports and physical activity has progressively increased in recent years. This is also connected to the promotion of physical activity and exercise as core aspects of a healthy lifestyle, which has led also to an increase in sport participation across all ages. In this context, three main users’ categories can be identified, (i) professional and amateur athletes using substances to enhance their performance, (ii) people with chronic conditions, which include physical activity and sport in their therapeutic plan, in association with prescribed medications, and (iii) athletes and young individuals using supplements or ergogenic aids to integrate their diet or obtaining a cognitive enhancement effect. All the substances used for these purposes have been reported to have side effects, among whom the cardiovascular consequences are the most dangerous and could lead to cardiac events. The cardiovascular effect depends on the type of substance, the amount, the duration of use, and the individual response to the substances, considering the great variability in responses. This Position Paper reviews the recent literature and represents an update to the previously published Position Paper published in 2006. The objective is to inform physicians, athletes, coaches, and those participating in sport for a health enhancement purpose, about the adverse cardiovascular effects of doping substances, commonly prescribed medications and ergogenic aids, when associated with sport and exercise.

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Combined effects of exercise training and high doses of anabolic steroids on cardiac autonomic modulation and ventricular repolarization properties in rats

Cited by 4 publications

References 65 publications

Anabolic Steroids and Cardiovascular Outcomes: The Controversy

Anabolic Steroids and Cardiovascular Outcomes: The Controversy

Early Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction, Reduced Baroreflex Sensitivity, and Cardiac Autonomic Imbalance in Anabolic–Androgenic Steroid Users

Cardiovascular effects of doping substances, commonly prescribed medications and ergogenic aids in relation to sports: a position statement of the sport cardiology and exercise nucleus of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology

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