Combined effects of gallic acid and propolis on beryllium‐induced hepatorenal toxicity

Abstract

The combined effect of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxy benzoic acid; GA; 50 mg kg -1 i.p.) and propolis (200 mg kg -1 p.o.) was evaluated against beryllium-induced biochemical and morphological alterations in the liver and kidney. Female albino rats were exposed to beryllium nitrate (1 mg kg -1 i.p.) daily for 28 days followed by treatment with the above mentioned therapeutic agents either individually or in combination for five consecutive days. Exposure to beryllium increased its concentration in the serum, liver and kidney and caused significant alterations in cytochrome P450 enzymes, microsomal lipid peroxidation and protein contents. Beryllium administration significantly altered the aspartate aminotransaminase, alanine aminotransaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, -glutamyl transpeptidase, bilirubin, creatinine and urea in serum, and the activity of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, glucose-6-phophatase and succinic dehydrogenase, triglycerides, cholesterol, protein contents, glycogen contents, lipid peroxidation and glutathione level in the liver and kidney. Beryllium exposure induced severe alterations in hepatorenal morphology, revealing its toxic consequences at a cellular level. Individual administration of GA and propolis reduced the effects on the studied parameters to a degree. Interestingly, GA in conjunction with propolis reversed the alterations in all of the variables examined, highlighting the beneficial effects of combined therapy over monotherapy in the alleviation of beryllium-induced systemic toxicity.

The Therapeutic Mechanisms of Propolis Against CCl4-Mediated Liver Injury by Mediating Apoptosis of Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells and Improving the Hepatic Architecture through PI3K/AKT/mTOR, TGF-β/Smad2, Bcl2/BAX/P53 and iNOS Signaling Pathways

“…Most interestingly, supplementation of CCl 4 -treated mice with propolis significantly restored the chronic oxidative stress state that was mediated by CCl 4 by increasing the level of GSH and decreasing the level of ROS in the liver tissue lysates. The ability of propolis to reduce oxidative stress and to inhibit free radical formation due to its high content of phenolics [60,61] and the ability of its phenolic compounds to donate hydrogen ions that can attack free radicals to prevent oxidation reactions in the cell [62]. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are reliable markers of liver function, so their levels were estimated.…”

Propolis versus Nigella sativa Oil challenging the apoptotic pathway in Propylthiouracil-induced Hypothyroidism on parotid gland

“…Several authors including Nirala et al (2008) and El Sohaimy and Masry (2014) concluded thatpropolis has high a content of phenolics that have the ability to donate hydrogen ions which can attack free radicals to prevent oxidation reactions in the cell.…”