Combined Effects of p53, p21, and pRb Expression in the Progression of Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Abstract

This study suggests that alterations in p53, p21, and pRb act in cooperative or synergistic ways to promote bladder cancer progression. Examining these determinants in combination provides additional information above the use of a single determinant alone.

Prognostic Impact of Comorbidity in Patients with Bladder Cancer

“…Efforts have been made to improve risk assessment by examining other pathological parameters such as number of lymph nodes [16], depth of tumor invasion [17], and biomarker status [18]. However, the primary cause of mortality is often not tumor progression, but comorbid disease [4[en]6].…”

Personalized medicine in advanced urothelial cancer: when to treat, how to treat and who to treat

“…Many studies support the association of p53 nuclear accumulation with tumour stage, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, high-grade tumour, disease recurrence and bladder cancer specific death. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] However, a metaanalysis by Malats that reviewed 117 studies spanning 10 years concluded that there is insufficient evidence to support that changes in p53 can be a marker of outcome in patients with bladder cancer. 32 A clinical trial investigated whether alterations of immunohistochemical p53 nuclear expression could prospectively identify patients that would benefit from the administration of adjuvant MVAC chemotherapy.…”

“…Biomarkers that enhance the predictive ability of standard clinicopathologic information and optimize prognostication are being discovered. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] In addition, advanced technologies offer a systematic approach for identifying active targets for drug discovery and tailored therapeutics in bladder cancer. The method described here defines a "personalized selection" approach to advanced bladder cancer within this increasingly tailored diagnostic and therapeutic framework, since optimizing management of a patient's This review explores recent advances laying the groundwork toward making "personalized selection" a reality for patients with muscle invasive and metastatic bladder cancer.…”

EphB4 receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed in bladder cancer and provides signals for cell survival

“…Several genetic lesions that provide cues for cell transformation, increased cell growth, migration and invasion in bladder cancer have been identified. These include mutations or alterations in expression of p53, p16, pRb, p21, c-erb B-2, MMP-2 and -9, uPAR, PD-ECGF and bFGF (Chatterjee et al, 2004;Gontero et al, 2004;Buscarini et al, 2005). Cumulative increase in these genetic defects also provides prognostic assessment for disease outcome.…”