Combined effects of wrinkled vein structures and nanomechanical properties on hind wing deformation

Structural stabilization of honeybee wings based on heterogeneous stiffness

“…The darker vein zones on the leading edge of the Asian ladybird beetle ( Harmonia axyridis ), for example, contain resilin to accommodate bending deformation, whose Young's moduli appear at larger values than other vein zones. 45…”

“…As a result of the flapping and folding activities carried out by insects’ wings, zones that bear torque and substantial deformation are more likely to have a higher modulus and hardness, such as the pterostigma of dragonfly ( Pantala flavescens Fabricius ), Asian ladybird beetle ( Harmonia axyridis ), and Coleoptera ( Anomala Corpulenta Motschulsky ). 16,45,49…”

“…The darker vein zones on the leading edge of the Asian ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis), for example, contain resilin to accommodate bending deformation, whose Young's moduli appear at larger values than other vein zones. 45 In different spanwise locations of the forewing, although the membranes in the middle and tip all presented uniform brown autofluorescence, the Young's modulus of the membrane in the front was approximately the same as that of the membrane in the middle, while the Young's modulus of the membrane in the tip was lower (Fig. 3(e)).…”

“…As a result of the flapping and folding activities carried out by insects' wings, zones that bear torque and substantial deformation are more likely to have a higher modulus and hardness, such as the pterostigma of dragonfly (Pantala flavescens Fabricius), Asian ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis), and Coleoptera (Anomala Corpulenta Motschulsky). 16,45,49 To investigate the effect of variation of Young's modulus on the stress distribution of the wing membrane during the locomotion of the honeybee, here we utilized the cross-section of the forewing in the interval I to simulate the mechanical behavior of the local wing membrane during the forward flight. As shown in Fig.…”