Combined electromagnetic and photoreaction modeling of CLD-1 photobleaching in polymer microring resonators

Huang, Yanyi; Poon, Joyce K. S.; Liang, Wei; Yariv, Amnon; Zhang, Cheng; Dalton, Larry R.

doi:10.1063/1.2031945

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The variance of refractive index with depth z can be significant. 14 However, in the case of high light-intensity, this dependence is expected to be less. 41 Moreover, macroscopic quantities, such as effective index and hence coupling coefficient and resonant wavelength, would depend on the average value of refractive index, 42 averaged over the core layer thickness.…”

Section: Modeling Of Photobleaching-induced Refractive Index Changementioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,[9][10][11] With regard to photobleaching used for defining and/or trimming thin-film polymer waveguides, the interest goes further, into the domain of modeling the change in material refractive index as bleaching progresses. [12][13][14] We point out two limitations of the existing models. First, refractive index changes are calculated as a function of both waveguide depth and bleaching time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Modeling Photobleaching of Optical Chromophores: Light-Intensity Effects in Precise Trimming of Integrated Polymer Devices

Gupta¹,

Steier²,

Liao³

et al. 2008

J. Phys. Chem. C

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We present a model for the photobleaching of nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores, via photo-oxidation, using either high-intensity or low-intensity light sources. A closed-form expression is derived for calculating the temporal evolution of bleaching-induced refractive index change, averaged over the thin-film depth. The averaged values are appropriate for analytically calculating corresponding changes in the effective index of optical waveguides. This applies to precise trimming of the resonant wavelength and coupling in chromophoredoped polymer microring resonator (MRR) devices. In high-intensity (few kW/cm 2 ) laser photobleaching experiments for trimming of MRR coupling, the observed refractive index changes are nearly 1 order of magnitude less than those predicted by low-intensity bleaching curves, for the same total exposure energy. An in-depth review of the photophysics and photochemistry of photo-oxidation of aromatic molecules is presented here, revealing that a high-intensity excitation source is likely to cause chromophore ground-state depopulation, due to the long lifetime of the triplet state. This theory also explains why photobleaching efficiency can be increased by pulsing the excitation, because the chromophore ground-state is allowed to replenish between bleaching pulses. For the first time, to our knowledge, the concept of saturated absorption is applied to model the effect that high-intensity light has on photobleaching-induced index change. The values of the photostability figure-of-merit and saturation intensity for π-conjugated NLO chromophores, such as CLD-1, are obtained here by fitting experimental data. We also note that light-intensity is known to affect the rate of varied photoreactions, such as laser ablation of polymers and human tissue and plant photosynthesis, which share striking photophysical similarities with photobleaching. † Part of the "Larry Dalton Festschrift".

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Section: Modeling Of Photobleaching-induced Refractive Index Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Photobleaching of Optical Chromophores: Light-Intensity Effects in Precise Trimming of Integrated Polymer Devices

Gupta¹,

Steier²,

Liao³

et al. 2008

J. Phys. Chem. C

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“…There is not sufficient space to describe research on both all-organic and organic OEO/silicon photonic hybrid ring microresonators and the theory behind device design. The reader is referred to recent publications 9,[17][18][19][20][21][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] for a broader picture including to the fabrication of all-organic device structures by more novel techniques such as nanoimprint [17][18][19][20][21] and two-photon 42,44 lithography. Here we focus on presenting two different approaches to the fabrication of hybrid devices where the low dielectric breakdown threshold of silicon provides a challenge to induction of electro-optic activity by electric field poling.…”

Section: Fabrication Of Ring Microresonatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With lithium niobate, material loss is insignificant (∼ 0.2 dB/cm) and insertion loss is limited by index matching rather than mode size matching. A variety of novel device structures, including stripline, [31][32][33][34] cascaded prism, 35 all-organic ring microresonator, [17][18][19][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] and OEO/silicon photonic ring microresonator 20,21 structures have been fabricated from organic electro-optic materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic electro-optic glasses for WDM applications

et al. 2005

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This communication primarily deals with utilizing organic electro-optic (OEO) materials for the fabrication of active wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmitter/receiver systems and reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs), including the fabrication of hybrid OEO/silicon photonic devices. Fabrication is carried out by a variety of techniques including soft and nanoimprint lithography. The production of conformal and flexible ring microresonator devices is also discussed. The fabrication of passive devices is also briefly reviewed. Critical to the realization of improved performance for devices fabricated from OEO materials has been the improvement of electro-optic activity to values of 300 pm/V (or greater) at telecommunication wavelengths. This improvement in materials has been realized exploiting a theoretically-inspired (quantum and statistical mechanics) paradigm for the design of chromophores with dramatically improved molecular first hyperpolarizability and that exhibit intermolecular electrostatic interactions that promote self-assembly, under the influence of an electric poling field, into noncentrosymmetric macroscopic lattices. New design paradigms have also been developed for improving the glass transition of these materials, which is critical for thermal and photochemical stability and for optimizing processing protocols such as nanoimprint lithography. Ring microresonator devices discussed in this communication were initially fabricated using chromophore guest/polymer host materials characterized by electro-optic coefficients on the order of 50 pm/V (at telecommunication wavelengths). Voltage-controlled optical tuning of the pass band of these ring microresonators was experimental determined to lie in the range 1-10 GHz/V or all-organic and for OEO/silicon photonic devices. With new materials, values approaching 50 GHz/V should be possible. Values as high as 300 GHz/V may ultimately be achievable.

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“…It has also been reported that photobleaching leads to a reduced refractive index of polymer-dye composites [18,19], which results in a shift of the resonance positions to shorter wavelengths in WGM resonators. This effect has found applications in tuning the resonances of microring cavities doped with fluorescent dyes [20,21]. However, the influence of photobleaching on the performance of WGM laser biosensors remains to be thoroughly investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust label-free biosensing using microdisk laser arrays with on-chip references

Wondimu

Hippler

Hussal³

et al. 2018

Opt. Express

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Whispering-gallery mode (WGM) microdisk lasers show great potential for highly sensitive label-free detection in large-scale sensor arrays. However, when used in practical applications under normal ambient conditions, these devices suffer from temperature fluctuations and photobleaching. Here we demonstrate that these challenges can be overcome by a novel referencing scheme that allows for simultaneous compensation of temperature drift and photobleaching. The technique relies on reference structures protected by locally dispensed passivation materials, and can be scaled to extended arrays of hundreds of devices. We prove the viability of the concept in a series of experiments, demonstrating robust and sensitive label-free detection over a wide range of constant or continuously varying temperatures. To the best of our knowledge, these measurements represent the first demonstration of biosensing in active WGM devices with simultaneous compensation of both photobleaching and temperature drift.

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Combined electromagnetic and photoreaction modeling of CLD-1 photobleaching in polymer microring resonators

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

Modeling Photobleaching of Optical Chromophores: Light-Intensity Effects in Precise Trimming of Integrated Polymer Devices

Modeling Photobleaching of Optical Chromophores: Light-Intensity Effects in Precise Trimming of Integrated Polymer Devices

Organic electro-optic glasses for WDM applications

Robust label-free biosensing using microdisk laser arrays with on-chip references

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