Combined experimental and numerical kinetic characterization of NR vulcanized with sulfur, N‐terbutyl, 2‐benzothiazylsulfenamide, and N,N‐diphenylguanidine

Hanel, Thomas; Donetti, Raffaella; Milani, Federico

doi:10.1002/app.43519

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The authors considered a first-order kinetic equation using series and parallel reactions. In another study, Milani et al 88 studied a combined experimental and numerical kinetic characterization of NR rubber with sulfur using two distinct accelerators and a modified reaction initially proposed by Han. 89 Another work 90 presented an analytical approach to interpret NR sulfur vulcanization for rheometer curves using a kinetic model based on the chemical scheme of NR.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Devulcanization of Ground Tire Rubber by Microwaves to Revulcanization: A Revulcanization Kinetic Approach Using a Simple Prediction Model

Sousa

Ornaghi

2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Devulcanization of rubber by microwave energy is an environmentally friendly technique, and it has gained special attention from the recycling field due to several advantages over other methods such as high productivity, uniform heating, and the noninvolvement of chemicals during the process. In this sense, ground tire rubber (GTR) was devulcanized by the action of microwaves at different exposure times. The thermal stability of devulcanized samples and the revulcanization behavior were correlated to structural modifications that occurred during devulcanization. The revulcanization kinetics by Arrhenius parameters was studied aiming at determining the mechanism and model of the reaction, being that it seems to follow an autocatalytic mechanism with a revulcanization model type reagents → products. The optimization of the temperature and time of the revulcanization process was determined based on five initial temperatures. The predicted results were based on previous revulcanization kinetic parameters, and they were physically plausible with the data, mainly within the studied temperature range. A more developed understanding of the chemical structure/reactions is recommended to avoid errors of interpretation out of the studied experimental range. Finally, the obtained results are new, allowing the prediction and optimization of kinetic properties such as the revulcanization process, being essential to the development of microwave devulcanization as a truly sustainable recycling process.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Devulcanization of Ground Tire Rubber by Microwaves to Revulcanization: A Revulcanization Kinetic Approach Using a Simple Prediction Model

Sousa

Ornaghi

2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…[ 31 ] In the first case, polymeric SS bonds are formed in between two contiguous polymer chains, which are very much unstable at a higher temperature and convert to a single or double SS bond and ultimately result in breakdown of the bonds, and as a result, devulcanization occurs. [ 32–34 ] However, the backbiting process happens while SS bonds form in the same back‐bond chain and these are more stable at a higher temperature. As BMDM chemically reacts with NR chain at different curing temperatures while the devulcanization process occurs, BMDM gets more chances to react with the active site of NR and form a conjugated diene.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the influence of anti‐reversion agent and metal oxide dose on natural rubber–carbon black system

Pal

Satpathi

Bhandary

et al. 2021

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Sulfidic linkages that are formed during the vulcanization process of natural rubber (NR) are unstable at a higher temperature and can be reversed into conjugated diene. To overcome such issue and to build a compound that is hostile to inversion and with increasing service life, anti‐reversion agent (ARA), for example, N,N′‐4,4′‐diphenylmethyene bismaleimide (BMDM), is added into the formulation. This work explains the conjugation reaction mechanism of conjugated diene and BMDM by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The first phase of this study is associated with the change in ARA dosage keeping ZnO dosage the same. It is observed that 5 phr of BMDM and 2 phr ZnO combination (ARA4) shows lowest reversion at 160°C. The modulus value at 300% elongation increased 12% by the incorporation of BMDM as compared to the compound of no BMDM (ARA1). The second part is all about keeping BMDM dosage the same at 5 phr level and varying ZnO phr by 3, 4, and 5. From the overall results, it is observed that at a suitable dosage of BMDM and ZnO (5 phr BMDM and 3 phr ZnO combination [ARA5]), least reversion can be achieved and vulcanizates containing optimized BMDM and ZnO show better retention properties after aerobic aging as compared to ARA1.

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“…Moreover, the stiffness of the rubber is indicator of crosslinking density of rubber. Therefore, the degree of curing (α) can be calculated from the dynamic viscoelastic characteristics gained in cure‐measure examination . The α is located in the subsequent manner based on the process of estimation under constant temperature circumstance for cure meter investigate:

α = \frac{M_{t} - M_{0}}{M_{\max} - M_{o}}

where M 0 , M t , and M max are the torque amounts at different time: zero, certain time of treating and the termination of crosslinking, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological characterization and modeling of vulcanization kinetics of natural rubber/starch blends

Alwaan

2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Vulcanization kinetics of natural rubber/starch (NR/ST) blends was investigated by oscillating disc rheometer. The scorch and cure times are significantly reduced with the loading of starch in all blends from 1.15 and 2.22 to 0.91 and 1.88 min, respectively, to improve curing rate. Meanwhile, the maximum torque values and the maximum vulcanization rate of NR/ST blend increase with the starch loading from 1.51 N m and 0.387 min−1 to 2.224 N m and 0.492 min−1 respectively. The results of vulcanization kinetics of NR and its blends revealed that it is controlled by two‐stages, chemical and diffusion. The experimental data of the vulcanization rate of NR/ST blends did not fit with autocatalytic kinetic model except the pure natural rubber. Therefore, the Criado method was used and it was observed that the reaction kinetic model of pure NR and its blends with starch is best described by the D diffusion model (D2). © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46347.

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Combined experimental and numerical kinetic characterization of NR vulcanized with sulfur, N‐terbutyl, 2‐benzothiazylsulfenamide, and N,N‐diphenylguanidine

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

From Devulcanization of Ground Tire Rubber by Microwaves to Revulcanization: A Revulcanization Kinetic Approach Using a Simple Prediction Model

From Devulcanization of Ground Tire Rubber by Microwaves to Revulcanization: A Revulcanization Kinetic Approach Using a Simple Prediction Model

Understanding the influence of anti‐reversion agent and metal oxide dose on natural rubber–carbon black system

Rheological characterization and modeling of vulcanization kinetics of natural rubber/starch blends

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