Combined exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and polystyrene microplastics induced renal autophagy through the ROS/AMPK/ULK1 pathway

Selenium deficiency caused hepatitis in chickensviathe miR-138-5p/SelM/ROS/Ca2+overload pathway induced by hepatocyte necroptosis

“…Fixed specimens were processed using conventional paraffin-embedding techniques. 36 The prepared paraffin blocks were cut into thin slices, then deparaffinized with xylene, rehydrated with different concentrations of alcohol, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The liver tissue morphology was observed under a light microscope, and images were obtained.…”

Microplastics and Kidneys: An Update on the Evidence for Deposition of Plastic Microparticles in Human Organs, Tissues and Fluids and Renal Toxicity Concern

“…At higher MPs’ concentrations (300 ng/mL), Chen et al showed that PS-MPs induce autophagy and can diminish inflammation via NLRP-3 inhibition [ 39 ]. Furthermore, autophagy and apoptosis have been shown to be induced by PS-MPs by activating the AMPK/ULK1 pathway via ROS [ 46 ]. Indeed, ROS/AMPK/ULK1 and Ppargc1α/Mfn2 pathways resulted in being significantly increased after conditioning with PS-MPs and Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEPH), an environmental plastic compound frequently used to strength plastic products.…”

“…In real life, MPs are frequently combined with other pollutants present in the environment or are used as plasticizers and associated with polymers in plastic industrial production. As demonstrated by Sun et al, DEPH and PS-MPs have a synergistic toxic effect on kidney cells [ 46 ]. This mechanism, also known as the “trojan horse effect”, has also been investigated for organic and metallic contaminants [ 47 ].…”

IL-4 activates ULK1/Atg9a/Rab9 in asthma, NLRP3 inflammasomes, and Golgi fragmentation by increasing autophagy flux and mitochondrial oxidative stress

“…Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can affect mitochondrial membrane potential, trigger the release of Ca 2+ and cytochrome C, induce cytotoxicity, disrupt mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription and translation, and hinder the synthesis of mtDNA coding proteins [ 15 , 16 ]. It is shown that oxidative stress can activate the ULK1 pathway [ 17 ]. Wang et al reported that the ubiquitination of Atg9a played a crucial role in oxidative stress, endocytic transport, and innate immunity [ 18 ].…”