Combined Heat and Power: Effective Energy Solutions for a Sustainable Future

Abstract

by Christina Van Vleck. The assistance by Joe Monfort of Energetics Inc. in the review and production of the report is appreciated. The authors also thank several Oak Ridge National Laboratory staff who have made contributions to the report, including Bob DeVault, Eddie Vineyard and Abdi Zaltash. The authors wish to thank the peer review panel led by Richard Brent for their thorough review and constructive recommendations. While these experts provided valuable guidance and information, this consultation does not constitute endorsement by their organizations of this study. The peer review panel was comprised of the following professionals:

Global bioenergy potential from high-lignin agricultural residue

“…To project bioelectricity potential, yield was multiplied by an endocarp to fruit ratio (Table 1, Table S1, and Dataset S1) and the energy content (presented as a range: low and high) for each individual feedstock. Gasification units differ in their efficiency based on scale and type of units, for instance, large scale (>500 kWh) routinely get up to 50% efficiency (24), whereas a smallscale gasification system that does not include cogeneration has ≈20-40% (herein a range of 15-40% was projected) conversion efficiency (24)(25)(26). It is noteworthy that if cogeneration was used as combined heat and power, gasification efficiency can be upwards of 80% (25,26).…”

“…Gasification units differ in their efficiency based on scale and type of units, for instance, large scale (>500 kWh) routinely get up to 50% efficiency (24), whereas a smallscale gasification system that does not include cogeneration has ≈20-40% (herein a range of 15-40% was projected) conversion efficiency (24)(25)(26). It is noteworthy that if cogeneration was used as combined heat and power, gasification efficiency can be upwards of 80% (25,26). Results demonstrate that exploiting highlignin feedstocks from existing production systems has a global bioenergy production potential of 4.1-5.2 × 10 8 GJ (gridded) to The global total production values were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization (19), and the endocarp and equivalent energy conversions were calculated.…”

Modelling an off-grid integrated renewable energy system for rural electrification in India using photovoltaics and anaerobic digestion

“…The largest impact is the higher overall efficiency of these engines and therefore the conclusion is highly sensitive to the input data supplied from the literature and industry as per table 3. Microturbines were found to have lower O&M costs which are because of their basic mechanical layout and fewer moving parts than reciprocating engines [19,20]. A typical maintenance of a reciprocating engine involves inspection and replacement of valves, pistons, gas and air filters, spark plugs, gaskets, rings and electronic components.…”

Making Industry Part of the Climate Solution

“…Sources: EPA Fact Sheet: http://www.epa.gov/chp/state-policy/obr_factsheet.html and Shipley et al (2008) CHP systems in the commercial, industrial, and residential sectors are typically fueled by natural gas, representing about 68% of the CHP installations in the U.S. Within the industrial sector, the percentage of CHP systems using natural gas is similar, at 66% of total installations (ICF, 2009).…”

“…Various technologies are also employed in CHP systems, like reciprocating engines and boiler steam turbines. There is a large potential for CHP to increase industrial energy efficiency and reduce industrial emissions of CO 2 and criteria pollutants, as the following sections and a great deal of literature show (Brown et al, 2001;Shipley et al, 2008;). …”