Combined Hepatocellular-Cholangiocarcinoma: Biology, Diagnosis, and Management

Abstract

Background Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-iCCA) is a rare type of primary liver cancer displaying characteristics of both hepatocytic and cholangiocytic differentiation. Summary Because of its aggressive nature, patients with cHCC-iCCA exhibit a poorer prognosis than those with HCC. Surgical resection and liver transplantation may be considered as curative treatment approaches; however, only a minority of patients are eligible at the time of diagnosis and postoperative recurrence rates are high. For cases that are not eligible for surgery, locoregional and systemic therapy are often administered based on treatment protocols applied for HCC or iCCA. Owing to the rarity of this cancer, there are still no established standard treatment protocols; therefore, the choice of therapy is often personalized and guided by the suspected predominant component. Further, the genomic and molecular heterogeneity of cHCC-iCCA can severely compromise the efficacy of the available therapies. Key Messages In the present review, we summarize the latest advances in cHCC-iCCA and attempt to clarify its terminology and molecular biology. We provide an overview of the etiology of cHCC-iCCA and present new insights into the molecular pathology of this disease that could contribute to further studies aiming to improve the patient outcomes through new systemic therapies.

Lactic acid: a narrative review of a promoter of the liver cancer microenvironment

“…Liver cancer is among the most common fatal cancers worldwide, with its incidence being higher in developing countries and increasing year by year ( 1 , 2 ). The causes of liver cancer include hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, fatty liver disease, alcohol-related cirrhosis, and smoking ( 3 ).…”