Combined Method for Evaluating Accessibility in Serious Games

Salvador-Ullauri, Luis; Acosta-Vargas, Patricia; González, Mario; Luján-Mora, Sergio

doi:10.3390/app10186324

Cited by 25 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The results of this study reveal that to achieve adequate accessibility in mobile applications, it is essential to apply WCAG 2.1 according to studies [22,28,29]. In order to (1) improve text contrast, the text and the background must not share the same chromatic range; (2) correct legibility by matching the text with a light contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 concerning the background; (3) apply an appropriate simple Sans Serif typeface; (4) use headings and descriptions to make known what users cannot otherwise understand or see; (5) clearly define visual content; (6) provide options to customize the application to facilitate navigation; (7) involve a simple design process by eliminating any superfluous information.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Accessibility and Inclusion of Native Mobile Applications Available for Ecuador in Google Play Store

et al. 2021

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This article aims to evaluate the level of compliance with the accessibility requirements of the most popular native Android mobile applications, for which a sample of 50 Google Play Store applications available in Ecuador was taken. A five-phase method using the Accessibility Scanner tool was used to evaluate the apps. The results revealed that 47.5% are related to problems with tactile orientation, followed by the labeling of elements with 28.2%, and text contrast with 9.2%. The highest number of barriers found in the evaluation of mobile applications corresponds to the principle of operability with 53.9%. This study reveals that, although social networks are widely used, they have 28.7% of accessibility problems. Basing accessibility analysis exclusively on an automatic tool is very limited since it neither detects all errors nor are the errors they detect accurate. However, we suggest complementing the automatic review evaluations with a manual method based on heuristics to ensure an adequate level of accessibility in mobile apps. In addition, we recommend using this study as a starting point to create a software tool using WCAG 2.1 based on artificial intelligence algorithms to help developers evaluate accessibility in mobile apps.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Accessibility and Inclusion of Native Mobile Applications Available for Ecuador in Google Play Store

et al. 2021

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“…It should be noted that manual testing cannot be replaced, especially when it comes to accessibility, as it may be essential to test with end-users with disabilities. Accessibility validation was performed using guidelines based on Section 508 and WCAG 2.1; some phases of this methodology ( Salvador-Ullauri et al, 2020 ) were tested in previous works of the authors related to serious games; the methodology for evaluating e-commerce websites is summarized in eight phases, as shown in Fig. 2 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Salvador-Ullauri et al (2020) , in this phase, we involved three web accessibility experts with experience in the area since 2015, who have more than 10 scientific publications in web accessibility evaluations, serious games, and accessible mobile applications. Discrepancies found in the automatic review of e-commerce sites were resolved in consensus.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accessibility challenges of e-commerce websites

Acosta-Vargas

Salvador-Acosta

Salvador-Ullauri

et al. 2022

PeerJ Computer Science

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Today, there are many e-commerce websites, but not all of them are accessible. Accessibility is a crucial element that can make a difference and determine the success or failure of a digital business. The study was applied to 50 e-commerce sites in the top rankings according to the classification proposed by ecommerceDB. In evaluating the web accessibility of e-commerce sites, we applied an automatic review method based on a modification of Website Accessibility Conformance Evaluation Methodology (WCAG-EM) 1.0. To evaluate accessibility, we used Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool (WAVE) with the extension for Google Chrome, which helps verify password-protected, locally stored, or highly dynamic pages. The study found that the correlation between the ranking of e-commerce websites and accessibility barriers is 0.329, indicating that the correlation is low positive according to Spearman’s Rho. According to the WAVE analysis, the research results reveal that the top 10 most accessible websites are Sainsbury’s Supermarkets, Walmart, Target Corporation, Macy’s, IKEA, H&M Hennes, Chewy, Kroger, QVC, and Nike. The most significant number of accessibility barriers relate to contrast errors that must be corrected for e-commerce websites to reach an acceptable level of accessibility. The most neglected accessibility principle is perceivable, representing 83.1%, followed by operable with 13.7%, in third place is robust with 1.7% and finally understandable with 1.5%. Future work suggests constructing a software tool that includes artificial intelligence algorithms that help the software identify accessibility barriers.

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“…The proposed approach can be replicated for people with other disabilities and can be used throughout the game to create a cycle to guarantee more inclusive and accessible applications. A second study [37] proposes to apply a combined method to evaluate accessibility in serious games, taking into account the WCAG 2.1. As a case study, the accessibility of 82 serious games developed by Physical Education Technology Interactive Simulations at the University of Colorado was evaluated.…”

Section: Accessibility Evaluation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Heuristic Method for Evaluating Accessibility in Web-Based Serious Games for Users with Low Vision

et al. 2020

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Nowadays, serious games have become a beneficial resource in the learning process; they are part of our culture and promote social inclusion. Designing accessible serious games is a complete challenge, even more for non-experts. Most existing serious games do not meet accessibility standards because of a lack of methods that include standards and help create more accessible serious games. For this reason, our research presents a heuristic method with three modifications to Giorgio Brajnik’s barrier walkthrough method and based on the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.1 (WCAG 2.1). We defined 28 barriers for the users with low vision and the related impact and persistence variables by defining severity ranges to evaluate accessibility. This method allows measuring the accessibility of web-based serious games; the method proposed in this article can be a good help for non-experts. As a case study, this heuristic method was applied to 40 web-based serious games. The evaluators concluded that serious games should apply WCAG 2.1 to achieve an adequate and inclusive accessibility level. However, this study has limitations; the heuristic method depends on the evaluators’ experience. This work can contribute to studies related to accessibility heuristics in serious games; it can also help construct a software tool that applies WCAG 2.1 and helps experts and non-experts evaluate accessibility in serious games.

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Combined Method for Evaluating Accessibility in Serious Games

Cited by 25 publications

References 28 publications

Towards Accessibility and Inclusion of Native Mobile Applications Available for Ecuador in Google Play Store

Towards Accessibility and Inclusion of Native Mobile Applications Available for Ecuador in Google Play Store

Accessibility challenges of e-commerce websites

A Heuristic Method for Evaluating Accessibility in Web-Based Serious Games for Users with Low Vision

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