“…Control optimization research focuses on evolutionary algorithms [13] including genetic algorithms [14,15] and particle swarm optimization [16,17]. Some papers show implementation of particle swarm optimization for single-quadcopter controllers [18][19][20], UAV formations [21][22][23], UAV trajectory optimization [24], UAV movement planning [25] and UAV formations [26] in an uncertain environment. However, swarm optimization for vector field-controlled UAV formations remains under-researched.…”