“…The feedback and correction mechanism are employed in KF to eliminate the noise and approach the real value continuously. Various KF-based extensions have been advanced to account for more complicated and higher nonlinear SOC estimation, and these solution representatives include extended KF (EKF) ( Beelen et al., 2021 ), adaptive EKF (AEKF) ( Shrivastava et al., 2021 ), unscented KF (UKF) ( Marelli and Corno, 2021 ), adaptive UKF (AUKF) ( Li et al., 2020b ), adaptive sigma-point KF (ASPKF) ( Sun et al., 2021 ), cubature KF (CKF) ( Peng et al., 2019 ), adaptive CKF (ACKF) ( Li et al., 2021c ), square root CKF (SRCKF) ( Shu et al., 2021a ), etc. Usually, two essential steps are involved in KF-based estimation, in which the state prediction is firstly implemented to estimate the current output, and then the estimation is updated and corrected to achieve more authentic output.…”