Combined treatment using peripheral nerve graft and FGF-1: Changes to the glial environment and differential macrophage reaction in a complete transected spinal cord

Acid Fibroblast Growth Factor and Peripheral Nerve Grafts Regulate Th2 Cytokine Expression, Macrophage Activation, Polyamine Synthesis, and Neurotrophin Expression in Transected Rat Spinal Cords

“…Nerve grafts and full repair induced significantly higher levels of BDNF at 14 and 21 d, and BDNF was mainly expressed by macrophages within grafted nerves. Previously, we found large numbers of activated macrophages in the injury sites of repaired spinal cords after 10 d, and those numbers remained high for 28 d (Lee et al, 2008). A portion of these recruited macrophages are likely bone marrow-derived monocytes infiltrating the injury site after 7 d (Popovich and Hickey, 2001).…”

Fgf-Dependent Glial Cell Bridges Facilitate Spinal Cord Regeneration in Zebrafish

“…Previous studies have identified fgf3 as one of the genes induced at the site of SCI in zebrafish (Reimer et al, 2009). Fgf signaling presents as a good candidate pathway to modulate glial cell behavior, as Fgf2 has previously been implicated in locomotor recovery and the reduction of astrocytic gliosis after spinal cord contusion in rodents, although the mechanistic basis of this recovery has not been determined (Lee et al, 2008;Tsai et al, 2008;Kasai et al, 2010).…”

Neurotrophic Factors Used to Treat Spinal Cord Injury

“…Intrathecal administration typically involves osmotic pumps to continuously deliver FGF to (or near) the lesion over days or weeks Kojima & Tator, 2002;Lee et al, 1999;Rabchevsky et al, 1999). FGF has also been delivered in association with Schwann cells or peripheral nerve (PN) grafts, released by carriers such as gelfoam, gelatin, fibrin glue, HEMA-MOETACL hydrogels alginate scaffolds or from nanoparticles (Chen et al, 2015;Furuya et al, 2013;Grulova et al, 2015;Guzen et al, 2012;Kang et al, 2013;Lee et al, 2008Lee et al, , 2010Meijs et al, 2004;Meng et al, 2008;Shin et al, 2014;Tsai et al, 2006;Wu et al, 2008). A recent study successfully delivered FGF2 (a known mitogen for stem cell self-renewal) via subcutaneous injection to give improved outcomes (Goldshmit et al, 2014).…”